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RUSSIA’S WESTERNIZATION

RUSSIA’S WESTERNIZATION. 1690 1790. Peter The Great. Peter the Great led the first Westernization effort in Russian history. His reforms bolstered Russia’s expansion and power, without intending to become a truly Western society.

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RUSSIA’S WESTERNIZATION

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  1. RUSSIA’S WESTERNIZATION 1690 1790

  2. Peter The Great Peter the Great led the first Westernization effort in Russian history. His reforms bolstered Russia’s expansion and power, without intending to become a truly Western society. Born as Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov in 1672. Ruled from 1682 (jointly with his half brother and later half sister), became sole ruler 1696 till his death in 1725. Peter the Great was a vigorous leader of exceptional intelligence and ruthless energy. He continued his predecessors’ policies of building up tsarist control and expanding Russian territory. He planned to change selected aspects of the economy and culture by imitation Western forms.

  3. In what way did Peter the Great reform the economy and government of Russia through Westernization primary purpose was to make military technology, remain independent of West built up metallurgical and mining industries supplied industries with cheap labor source from serfs. Politics: seized on absolutist forms of government in West

  4. In what way did Peter the Great reform the economy and government of Russia through Westernization built navy organized military along Western lines completed destruction of noble councils provincial governors appointed from center

  5. In what way did Peter the Great reform the economy and government of Russia through Westernization new tax system installed rationalized law codes Basically streamlined the bureaucracy and reorganized the military His wars with Sweden and the Ottoman Empire indicated a shift from Asian expansion

  6. Interesting facts of Peter the Great’s reform and Westernization He set up a secret police to prevent dissent He traveled “incognito” in western Europe even though he was at least 6’8” In symbolic ceremonies he cut off the long, Mongol-type sleeves and pigtails that characterized the Boyars He required the Nobles to shave off their beards

  7. St. Petersburg Peter wanted a port city to expand his economy. He fought with the Ottomans in the south and the Swedes in the north. He began to build St. Petersburg out of marshland in 1703 with force labor. It will serve as the capital of the Russian empire for over 200 years. Palace Square Mariinsky Palace Church of the Savior on Bood Stroganov Square Winter Palace The Grand Cascade

  8. In what ways were the policies of Westernization undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great more appearance than substance • Peter the Great: • cultural changes only affected elite • no attempt to extend reforms to masses • economic reforms significant, but no attempt to establish exporting industries, only interested in military technology.

  9. Catherine the Great 1729-1796, was Empress of Russia from 1762-1796 Catherine the Great, taking control of the Russian government from her husband, Peter III, continued many of Peter I’s policies. Her reforms, too, were selective, restricting the freedom of peasants (although she believed in Enlightenment ideas of improving the peasants life), and intellectuals wanting further reforms. Her dynamic leadership added to the territory of the Russian state, and improved the position of Russia in European politics.

  10. In what ways were the policies of Westernization undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great more appearance than substance Catherine the Great: • interested in French Enlightenment, but introduced no meaningful reform along Enlightenment lines • no attempt to cure problems of coercive labor system • legal system actually made harsher • nobility given almost absolute control over masses • government lost contact with serfs in return for aristocratic government service.

  11. What were the primary differences by the eighteenth century between Russia and the West? 5. remained almost entirely agricultural 1. Dominance of the nobility greater than in West 2. dependent on increasingly coercive system of serfdom as West was developing different labor patterns 6. lack of substantial merchant class left state in control of capitalizing industrial development 7. could not avoid dependence on West. 3. by 1649 serfdom was a hereditary caste 4. failure of urbanization

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