Governance and Finance in Education: An Overview of Structures, Funding, and Current Issues

1. EDU 103 EDU 103 Fall 2009 December

2. EDU 103 Chapter # 8 Governance & Finance: Regulating and FundingSchools

3. EDU 103 Chapter Outline

4. EDU 103 • Governance: How are schools regulated and run? • School Finance: How are schools funded? • Emerging issues in school governance and finance.

5. EDU 103 • Read the summary of the chapter – Pages 271 & 272. 1. Describe the major educational governance structures at the state and local levels.

6. EDU 103 • 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution. • Each state has a governor, a state legislature, & a state office of education. • Local control via an elected board of education for most school districts..

7. EDU 103 • Explain the different sources and targets of educational funding. • Three sources- • 49% from state • 43% from local • 8 % from federal

8. EDU 103 • 61% Most educational expense is for instructional services – mostly teacher salaries • 10% for instructional assistance • 10% to administration • 10% for buildings (physical plant) • 4% for bus transportation • 4% for cafeteria expenses

9. EDU 103 • Describe the major current issues in school governance and finance. • Funding inequities within states • Large number of court cases • Resulted in a larger percentage of state funding and a smaller percentage of local funding .

10. EDU 103 • Site-based decision making • Parents & teachers have greater input into curricular and instructional decisions. • In KY there are site-based counsels that work with building principals to make many decisions

11. EDU 103 • Charter schools • Alternative schools that are publically funded, but are independently operated • The plan or “charter” must be accepted by the local board or state office of education • Vouchers • A check or written document that parents can use to purchase educational services • Privatization • Corporations such as Edison Schools, Sylvan, and others • Take over selected schools and “run” the school to make a profit

12. EDU 103 Learning Objectives

13. EDU 103 • Describe the major educational governance structures at the state and local levels. • Explain the different sources and targets of educational funding. • Describe the major current issues in school governance and finance.

14. EDU 103 • Block Grants – Page 256 • Categorical grants – Page 256 • Charter schools – Page 264 • Homeschooling – Page 268 • Local school board – Page 248

15. EDU 103 • Property taxes – Page 255 • School district – Page 247 • School principal – Page 251 • Site-based decision making – Page 262 • State office of education – Page 245

16. EDU 103 • State tuition tax-credit plans – Page 267 • Superintendent – Page 250 • Voucher – Page 266 • Weighted student formula – Page 261

17. EDU 103 • State tuition tax-credit – Page 302 • Superintendent - page 280 • Voucher – Page 296

18. EDU 103 • A Legal Overview • In the United States • 10th Amendment

19. EDU 103 • State Board of Education • State Constitution • Governors & State Legislatures

20. EDU 103 State Board of Education • What do they do? • Issue and revoke teaching licenses • Establish the length of the school year • Publish standards for approving and accrediting schools • Develop and implement uniform systems to collect data, such as standardized achievement test scores, enrollment trends and demographics

21. EDU 103 State Board of Education • Who are they? • People outside professional education • In most states these people are appointed by the governor • In some states they are elected by the voters (25%) • Most serve without pay

22. EDU 103 • State Office of Education • Responsible for what? • Implement policy on a day-by-day basis • Staffed by full-time educational professionals • All most all have been teachers and advanced degrees in education

23. EDU 103 • Chief State School Superintendent • Responsible for what? • Top administrator

24. School Districts • What is a school district?

25. EDU 103 • Local School Board • What is a school board and what do school boards do?

26. EDU 103 • Superintendent • What is a school superintendent and what does he/she do?

27. EDU 103 The District Office Staff • Who is the district office staff? • What do they do?

28. EDU 103 • School Principal • Who is the school principal and what does he/she do?

29. EDU 103 Principals are crucial in creating well-run learning-oriented schools • What do effective principals do?

30. EDU 103 How are schools funded? • Local, state, and federal sources

31. EDU 103 • Local Funding • Major source of monies? • Other sources?

32. EDU 103 • Local percentage of money

33. EDU 103 • State Sources of money

34. EDU 103 • State percentage of money

35. EDU 103 Federal Sources • Categorical grants • Block grants

36. EDU 103 Educational expenses • Per pupil cost varies

37. EDU 103 Educational expenses at the district level

38. EDU 103 • Typical Year • 450,000 school buses travel 4 billion miles, provide 10 billion separate rides to nearly 24 million K-12 students • In 1998 – 54% of the students were transported a cost of $493 per student

39. EDU 103 Funding inequities • Serrano v. Priest California case • 1971 Case

40. EDU 103 • Rodriguez case in Texas • 1973 Supreme Court Case

41. EDU 103 • Site-based decision making

42. EDU 103 • School choice • Charter Schools • Vouchers

43. EDU 103 • State tuition tax-credit plans • Homeschooling

44. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Education is the responsibility of each state • Why? • State Board of Education • State Office of Education • Chief state school officer • School Districts

45. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Local School Board • Superintendent • District Office • Principal

46. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Funding of schools • Three sources • Where does the revenue come from? • How is the money spent?

47. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Funding inequities • Site-based decision making • School choice

48. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Charter schools • Vouchers • State tuition tax-credit plans

49. EDU 103 • REVIEW • Homeschooling