ART and ARCHITECTURE

1. ART and ARCHITECTURE GREECE

2. Art and Architecture Greek art: works of art produced in the Aegean basin. This PowerPoint is a brief overview of art of Greece from its early styles through the Hellenistic period. Greek architecture: the art of building that arose on the shores of the Aegean Sea and flourished in the ancient world.

3. LEGACY • Greek art influenced the culture of many countries • Simplicity and rationality • Imitation of nature • Nude human figure in sculpture • Roman Empire art largely derived from Greek models • Greco-Buddhist art blended Greek, central Asian, and Indian cultures • Humanist standards inspired European artists • Another Greek legacy the West inherited is architecture • Many structural elements, decorative motifs, and building types that were established in Ancient Greece are used in architecture today

4. Greek ART • Early Greek Styles [Minoan and Mycenaean] • Archaic Period [700 – 480 BCE] • Classical Period [480 -323 BCE] • Hellenistic Period [323 – 30 BCE]

5. Early Greek Civilizations

6. Early Greek Styles: Minoan • Influenced by Eastern Mediterranean cultures • Subjects of Minoan works of art include: • Vivid images of nature • Images of court and religious life • Large frescoes [wall/ceiling painting on fresh plaster] • Ceramics • Small figurines of terracotta and stone

7. Minoan Fresco Flying Fish Fresco Scene from nature at Palace at Knossos

8. Minoan Fresco  Bull-Vaulting Fresco Religious ritual culminating in the sacrifice of the bull

9. Minoan Fresco Woman known as La Parisienne From processional scene located at the palace at Knossos Minoan style of depicting humans

10. Minoan Ceramics In the Early Minoan period ceramics were characterized by linear patterns of spirals, triangles, curved lines, crosses, and fishbone motifs.

11. Minoan Ceramics In the Middle Minoan period naturalistic designs such as fish, squid, birds, and lilies were common.

12. Minoan Figurine Snake Goddess • Two female figurines of faience were found at Knossos. Faience is earthenware decorated with colored opaque metallic glazes consisting of crushed quartz. The figurines were probably used as votive offerings in the Minoan religion. Most were made of terracotta. • The women wear the typical skirts and apron of the Minoans along with a bare-breasted bodice. They are shown with snakes, which may be symbolic of household divinities.

13. Early Greek Styles: Mycenaean • Subjects of Mycenaean works of art include: • Tomb and palace murals and frescoes • Military and mythology themes • Painting, sculpture, and metalwork glorified rulers • Ornamental weapons • Precious jewelry • Geometric patterns on ceramics and pottery • Glass ornaments

14. Mycenaean Fresco "Lady of Mycenae" accepts a gift of a necklace.

15. Mycenaean Pottery Mycenaean vase in terracotta with chariot scene. When two horses are meant to be represented, the painter, in an attempt to show perspective, depicts only one body, with two tails, two pairs of hind legs and forelegs, as well as two heads.

16. Mycenaean Clay Figurines Most clay figurines are female and seem to represent goddesses. Some were placed in sanctuaries, where they were used as votive offerings, or in tombs, where they may have served as protective goddesses. Like these three figurines, many of them are crowned, wear long dresses, and stand in conventional poses with hands raised, resting on hips, held between the breasts, or with elbows raised and fists brought against the top of the chest.

17. Mycenaean Geometric Geometric belly-handled amphora used to hold the cremated remains of the woman from the “Tomb of a Rich Lady” in the Athenian Agora. An amphora was a two-handled vessel used for carrying , transporting, and storing commodities, such as grapes, olive oil, and wine.

18. Mycenaean Tomb Mask Agamemnon was the mythical leader of Greek forces during the Trojan War. Agamemnon led the Greek expedition to Troy to take back his brother's wife, Helen. The Mask of Agamemnon is an artifact discovered in 1876. The artifact is a funeral mask hewn in gold. It was found over the face of a body. Modern archaeological research suggests that the mask is from 1550–1500 BCE [before the legendary life of Agamemnon]. Mask of Agamemnon

19. Archaic Period [700 – 480 BCE] • Life-sized statues expressed idealization of human figure: • kouros and kore statues (young men and maidens) show Egyptian influence • Draped female sculptures suggest Middle Eastern influence • The art of vase painting reached artistic and technical excellence • Vase painters depicted mythological and contemporary scenes • Assimilation of foreign styles and motifs from Egypt and Near East • Egyptian-like stance (left-foot forward), smile, and helmet hair (patterned) • Black-figure pottery originated in Corinth • Pottery shifted from geometric style to oriental style • Eastern pictorial motifs were introduced • Palm and lotus compositions • Animal hunts • Beasts such as griffins (part bird, part lion) • Sphinxes (part woman, part bird)

20. Archaic Black-figure Pottery Volute-krater (vase for mixing wine and water) Attributed to SophilosSophilos is the first known artist from the Athenian potters' quarter to have signed his name on his work.

21. Archaic Geometric The geometric style features a variety of patterns, including checkers, repeated shapes, and meanders. [A meander is a pattern formed by a single continuous line]

22. Archaic Orientalizing Dinos [bowl for mixing wine and water] This period of Greek painting is referred to as "orientalizing", due to the adoption of images from the east. Vase from the region of Corinth is decorated with panthers, sphinxes, goats, and lions.

23. Archaic Fresco Tomb of the Diver Fresco painting of the Archaic period is flat and sharply outlined Flat frescos

24. Archaic Sculpture Marble tomb statue Berlin Goddess Kore with the pomegranate Kore is a female youth

25. Archaic Sculpture Standing Youth Statue of a kouros [male youth] characteristically depicted nude with the left leg striding forward and hands clenched at the side. Most kouroi served as grave markers or as dedications in the sanctuary of a god.

26. Archaic Bronze Statuette Statuette of Herakles The Greek god Herakles is presented as a hero of extraordinary strength and as a beautifully groomed and civilized individual. This aspect is emphasized in Archaic art. The bronze statuette was probably commissioned for dedication in a sanctuary.

27. Archaic Smile The Archaic smile was used by Greek Archaic sculptors possibly to suggest that their subject was alive. The smile is flat and quite unnatural looking. It has been theorized that artists felt it either represents that they were blessed by the gods in their actions or that it is similar to fake smiles in modern photos.

28. Archaic Sphinx

29. Classical Period [480 -323 BCE] • Sculptors sought to represent the ideal human figure • Works were characterized by elegance of proportion and graceful beauty • Increased emphasis on the expression of emotion in art • New feeling for individualization • Three-dimensional movement appeared

30. Classical Red-figure Pottery Red-figure amphora Red-figure vase painting replaced the previous style of black-figure painting. Its name is based on the figures depicted in red color on a black background, in contrast to the previous black-figure style with black figures on a red background. The red-figure technique allowed the artist to draw contours and details of anatomy.

31. Early Classical Sculpture The Charioteer of Delphi The style is more natural than the Archaic period, but the pose is still very rigid when compared with later works of the Classical period. One departure from the Archaic style is that the head is inclined slightly to one side. The naturalistic rendering of his feet was greatly admired in ancient times. This sculpture displays several advancements on Archaic style - the introverted expression does away with the old 'Archaic smile' and he would not have been clothed in the Archaic period.

32. Classical Statue Discobolos [The Discus Thrower] The best example showing freedom of movement is the Discobolos by Myron. This is one of the most famous classic Greek statues from this period.

33. Classical Contrapposto Doryphoros [Spear-Bearer] This figure was the absolute ideal in the eyes of the Greeks. Contrapposto means counter-pose. It is used to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs. The stance communicates movement and great strength. The muscles are carefully modeled and the proportions are mathematically perfect.

34. Classical Marble Relief Grave stele of a little girl Grave stele erected in Greek cemetery in memory of the deceased. Children often appear with their pets on Classical grave reliefs, and these doves must be the little girl's favorites.

35. Classical Fresco Abduction of Persephone A fresco in a Macedonian tomb painted by a Greek artist Realistic frescoes

36. Classical Sculpture Athena Parthenos [Athena the Virgin] Sculpture made of gold and ivory by Phidias and housed in the Parthenon. The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena.

37. Classical Sculpture Statue of Zeus at Olympia Sculpture made by Phidias and housed at the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Roman copy inspired by Greek ivory and gold statue of Zeus at Olympia by Phidias

38. Hellenistic Period [323-30 BCE] • Hellenistic art sought to portray the inner emotions and details of everyday life instead of the heroic beauty • The style changed from dramatic to melodramatic, using dramatic poses and theatrical contrasts of light • Sculptures showed extreme expressions of pain, stress, wild anger, fear, and despair • Tendency toward heightening spatial illusionism

39. Hellenistic Marble Sculpture Winged Victory of Samothrace also called Nike of Samothrace It was created to honor Nike, the goddess of victory. It also celebrated a naval victory by Rhodes, a powerful state in the Aegean.

40. Hellenistic Marble Sculpture Aphrodite of Milos [Venus de Milo] Marble sculpture that is believed to depict Aphrodite [Venus to the Romans], the Greek goddess of love and beauty.

41. Hellenistic: Group Composition Laocoön and his Sonswith the Sea Dragon This monumental sculpture in marble depicts an event in Vergil's Aeneid The Trojan priest Laocoön was strangled by sea snakes, sent by the gods who favored the Greeks. Because Laocoön had tried to warn the Trojan citizens of the danger of bringing in the wooden horse, he incurred the wrath of the gods.

42. Alexander Mosaic Shows confrontation of the young conqueror and King Darius III Hellenistic Mosaic

43. Greek ARCHITECTURE • Origins • Orders [styles] • The Greek Temple • Other Structures Parthenon

44. Origins: Minoan Palace at Knossos on Crete Artist’s Impression

45. Origins: Mycenaean The Lion Gate of Mycenae was the entrance to the city.

46. Orders [styles] of Architecture: Doric Doric columns are the simplest. Earliest of the three column styles found in Greece, the Doric order is very plain. The capital [top or crown] is made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft [tall part of the column] is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order.

47. Doric Order Parthenon in Athens

48. Doric Order Temple of Zeus at Olympia Model

49. Orders [styles] of Architecture: Ionic The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric. The Ionic order developed in the Greek colonies of the Asia Minor coast and demonstrates Asian influences. This style has slender proportioned columns and carved enrichments. Ionic capitals consist of a scroll above the shaft. Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. This makes the columns look slender. They also had flutes, which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings.

50. Ionic Order The Erechtheum is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of the Acropolis of Athens.