Chapter Introduction Section 1 China’s First Civilizations Section 2 Life in Ancient China

2. Early China Chapter Introduction Section 1 China’s First Civilizations Section 2 Life in Ancient China Section 3 TheQinandHanDynasties Reading Review Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

3. Early China Chapter Objectives • Discuss how river valleys, mountains, and deserts influenced the development of Chinese civilization. • Discuss how the lack of order encouraged the growth of three important belief systems. • Summarize the ruling philosophies, accomplishments, and failures of the Qin and Han dynasties.

4. Early China

6. China’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the first civilizations in China and how the geography of the region, especially its rivers, mountains, and deserts, influenced China’s cultural development.

7. China’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped shape China’s civilization. • Rulers known as the Shang became powerful because they controlled land and had strong armies. • Chinese rulers claimed that the Mandate of Heaven gave them the right to rule.

8. China’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places • Huang He (HWAHNG HUH) • Chang Jiang (CHAHNG JYAHNG) • Anyang (AHN·YAHNG) Meeting People • Wu Wang (WOO WAHNG)

9. China’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary • dynasty (DY·nuh·stee) • aristocrat (uh·RIHS·tuh·KRAT) • pictograph (PIHK·tuh·GRAF) • ideograph (IH·dee·uh·GRAF) • bureaucracy (byu·RAH·kruh·see) • mandate (MAN·DAYT) • Dao (DOW)

10. China’s First Civilizations Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Complete a chart like the one on page 224 of your textbook describing the characteristics of the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

11. China’s First Civilizations China’s Geography • Huang He, or the Yellow River, flows for more than 2,900 miles across China. • Flooding of the river brought destruction and good farming conditions to China. • Chang Jiang, or the Yangtze River, is about 3,400 miles long and flows across central China. (pages 225–226)

12. China’s First Civilizations China’s Geography (cont.) • China has very little farm land because much of the country is either mountains or deserts. • The Middle Kingdom was created after the Chinese people united to form one kingdom. (pages 225–226)

13. China’s First Civilizations What effect did the mountains and deserts have on the Chinese people? The mountains and deserts separated the Chinese from most other peoples.

14. China’s First Civilizations The Shang Dynasty • Archaeologists believe the Huang He valley was the center of Chinese civilization. • The first rulers were probably part of the Xia dynasty. • The Shang kings ruled from about 1750 B.C. to 1122 B.C. • Anyang was China’s first capital. It was built during the Shang dynasty. (pages 226–229)

15. China’s First Civilizations The Shang Dynasty (cont.) • People of the Shang dynasty were divided into groups. • The king and his family were the most powerful group. • Warlords and other royal officials were in the class below the kings. • They were aristocrats, nobles whose wealth came from the land they owned. (pages 226–229)

16. China’s First Civilizations The Shang Dynasty (cont.) • Traders and artisans were below the aristocrats. • Most of the lower classes were farmers. • Slaves captured during wars were the lowest class of people. • People in the Shang dynasty believed in many spirits and gods and honored ancestors with offerings. (pages 226–229)

17. China’s First Civilizations The Shang Dynasty (cont.) • Shang kings believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors. • Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects. • Ideographs are two or more pictographs joined to represent an idea. • Artisans created many works but are best known for their bronze objects. (pages 226–229)

18. China’s First Civilizations How does the Chinese language differ from the alphabet system used by Americans? In the American alphabet, each letter represents a sound. The letters, or sounds, are put together to make words. In the Chinese language, each marking, or symbol, represents a whole word.

19. China’s First Civilizations The Zhou Dynasty • Wu Wang and his followers rebelled against the Shang dynasty and created the Zhou dynasty. • The Zhou dynasty ruled longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history. (pages 229–231)

20. China’s First Civilizations The Zhou Dynasty (cont.) • Kings in the Zhou dynasty served as the head of the government. • A bureaucracy—officials who are responsible for different areas of government—served under the king. • The Zhou kingdom was divided into smaller territories. • Each territory was led by an aristocrat. • Zhou kings were thought to be the link between the gods and people. (pages 229–231)

21. China’s First Civilizations The Zhou Dynasty (cont.) • The Mandate of Heaven was a heavenly law that gave Zhou kings the power to rule. • The Mandate of Heaven also gave people rights. • The Dao was the proper way kings were to rule their people. • Irrigation and flood-control systems were developed during the Zhou dynasty. (pages 229–231)

22. China’s First Civilizations The Zhou Dynasty (cont.) • Farm tools, such as the plow, were developed. • Silk was an important trade item during the Zhou dynasty. • The Period of Warring States occurred before the fall of the Zhou dynasty. • During this time, the local rulers began fighting with each other. (pages 229–231)

23. China’s First Civilizations What innovative weapons and equipment were used during the Period of Warring States? The Chinese used crossbows for fighting. They invented the saddle and stirrup during the Period of Warring States.

24. China’s First Civilizations What is a dynasty? A dynasty is a line of rulers who belong to the same family.

25. China’s First Civilizations What were oracle bones and how were they used? Oracle bones were bones with questions on them used to interpret answers from the gods.

26. China’s First Civilizations Analyze How did the Mandate of Heaven allow for the overthrow of kings in ancient China? If a king failed in his duty and the kingdom experienced a disaster, the king could be replaced.

27. China’s First Civilizations Evaluate What were some important technological changes during the Zhou dynasty, and how did they lead to a larger population? Development of irrigation and flood-control systems, along with the iron plow, led to increased crop production and a rising population.

28. China’s First Civilizations Explain How did ancient Chinese kings maintain control of their dynasties? Kings maintained large armies to conquer land and protect borders but also appointed warlords to govern the kingdom’s territories.

29. China’s First Civilizations Define the Mandate of Heaven, and describe its effect on the rulers and people of ancient China.

31. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section focuses on society in early China, including the great religious and philosophical systems that were created.

32. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas • Chinese society had three main social classes: landowning aristocrats, farmers, and merchants. • Three Chinese philosophies, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism, grew out of a need for order.

33. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read (cont.) Meeting People • Confucius (kuhn·FYOO·shuhs) • Laozi (LOWD·ZOO) • Hanfeizi (HAN·fay·DZOO)

34. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary • social class • Filial peity (FIH·lee·uhl PY·uh·tee) • Confucianism (kuhn·FYOO·shuh·NIH·zuhm) • Daoism (DOW·IH·zuhm) • Legalism (LEE·guh·LIH·zuhm)

35. Life in Ancient China Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Organizing Information Create a pyramid diagram like the one on page 232 of your textbook. Show the social classes in ancient China from most important (top) to least important (bottom).

36. Life in Ancient China Life in Ancient China • A social class includes people who share a similar position in society. • Chinese society had three main social classes: aristocrats, farmers, and merchants. • Aristocrats grew rich from farmers who grew crops on the land the aristocrats owned. (pages 232–235)

37. Life in Ancient China Life in Ancient China (cont.) • Most Chinese people were farmers. • Farmers paid aristocrats with part of their crops. • Merchants were in the lowest class. • They grew rich but were still looked down on by aristocrats and farmers. • Chinese families were large, and children were expected to work on farms. (pages 232–235)

38. Life in Ancient China Life in Ancient China (cont.) • Filial piety means children had to respect parents and elders. • Men were considered more important than women in Chinese society. • Men went to school, ran the government, and fought wars. • Women raised children and managed their households. (pages 232–235)

39. Life in Ancient China Life in Ancient China (cont.) A Chinese village. (pages 232–235)

40. Life in Ancient China How did aristocrats use farmers to grow rich? Aristocrats allowed farmers to use their land. In exchange, farmers gave part of their crop to the landowners.

41. Life in Ancient China Chinese Thinkers • Three major theories—Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism—were developed to reinstate peace after the Period of the Warring States. • Confucius was a great thinker and teacher, who believed that people needed a sense of duty to be good. • Confucianism taught that all men with a talent for government should take part in government. (pages 235–239)

42. Life in Ancient China Chinese Thinkers (cont.) • Daoism teaches that people should give up worldly desires and encourages the importance of nature. • Legalism is the belief that society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments. • The scholar Hanfeizi developed Legalism. (pages 235–239)

43. Life in Ancient China Why did the aristocrats dislike Confucianism? According to Confucianism, any man with a talent for government should take part in government. This idea opened government up to the lower classes.

44. Life in Ancient China Describe the concept of filial piety. Family members placed the needs of the head of the family above their own.

45. Life in Ancient China Why did many aristocrats favor the philosophy of Legalism? It emphasized force and power and did not require leaders to show kindness or understanding to their subjects.

46. Life in Ancient China Contrast How did Daoism differ from Confucianism? Confucianism encouraged people to work hard to improve the world, while Daoism taught that people should give up their concerns about the world and seek inner peace.

47. Life in Ancient China Writing Questions Suppose you could interview Confucius about his concept of duty. Write five questions you might ask him about the subject. Include possible responses. Answers will vary.

48. Life in Ancient China Expository Writing Do you think any of the Chinese philosophies studied in this section are reflected in our society today? Write an essay explaining your answer. Answers will vary.

49. Life in Ancient China Think about the role of different family members in ancient China. Have them explain which role they would like best and which they would like least. Explain your reasons.