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Hypnosis and Memory

Hypnosis and Memory. Triple Threat Sheila Krogh-Jespersen Victoria Cox Alicia Briganti. Outline:. The Basics Traditional vs. Sociocognitive Perspectives Enhancing Retrieval and the Cognitive Interview. Kihlstrom:.

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Hypnosis and Memory

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  1. Hypnosis and Memory Triple Threat Sheila Krogh-Jespersen Victoria Cox Alicia Briganti

  2. Outline: • The Basics • Traditional vs. Sociocognitive Perspectives • Enhancing Retrieval and the Cognitive Interview

  3. Kihlstrom: • Hypnosis=1 person(subject) acting on suggestions from another person(hypnotist) for imaginative experiences involving alterations in cognition and voluntary action

  4. Posthypnotic Amnesia: • Inability to remember events/experiences which occurred during hypnotism • Temporary • Functional amnesia • Impairs explicit memory

  5. Hypnotic Agnosia: • Disrupts a subject’s semantic/procedural memory • Forget the number 12 • Meaningless word

  6. Hypnotic Hypermnesia: • Performance enhancement • Increase False Recollections • Cognitive Interview

  7. Memory Enhancement and Hypnosis: • Hypnotism increases the number of accurate recollections but…. • It also increase the number of new errors

  8. Hypnotic Age Regression: • Ablation • Reinstatement • Revivification

  9. In the Court and Clinic: • Mock organized-crime execution • Cognitive Interview

  10. Why? • Hypnosis is still used to recover “repressed” memories • Hypnosis impairs explicit memory • Public perceptions of the efficacy of hypnosis may increase the likelihood of memory distortions

  11. The Hypnotic Minidrama

  12. The Two Perspectives • Traditional – • Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness that enables people to have unusual experiences. • Sociocognitive – • Hypnosis refers to the historically rooted conceptions of situations that are labeled “hypnotic.”

  13. Components of Hypnosis • Phrasing of the hypnotist • Suggestion that specific behavioral responses are emerging automatically

  14. The Social Construction of Hypnosis… • Do you buy it?

  15. Challenges and Fallacies • Behavior of “the hypnotized” and “the requested” does not differ • Increased motivation makes increased suggestibility • Cognitive processes in simulators and non-simulators

  16. Dramatic behaviors • See no evil, hear no evil • Stiff arm syndrome

  17. Are they so dramatic? • Hitting someone? • Taking off clothes? • Running a mile, or 2, or 3?

  18. Hypnotic Amnesia • Automatically occurring • Actively forgetting • Socially responding

  19. Posthypnotic Responding • Implant cues to automatically elicit a suggested response • Context and belief dependent

  20. Hypnosis Creates… • Human Automatons

  21. Enhancing Retrieval and The Cognitive Interview

  22. ACCORDING TO JONES Psychotherapists should: • Educate clients • Choose methods judiciously (Jones, 1999)

  23. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY • Police techniques • Hypnosis • Cognitive Interview

  24. 4 Basic principles: 1. Event-interview similarity 2. Focused retrieval 3. Extensive retrieval 4. Witness-compatible questioning Temporal sequence: 1. Introduction 2. Free recall 3. Probing stage 4. Review 5. Conclusion COGNITIVE INTERVIEW (Fisher, Geiselman, & Amador, 1989)

  25. FIELD TEST • 16 detectives (1 trained group; 1 untrained group) • Preliminary interviews • Training • Post-training interviews • Analysis

  26. EXPERIMENT • 51 non-students watched videotapes of a crime • Interviewed 48 hours later either by standard interview or cognitive interview • 4 retrieval mnemonics and 5 memory-recovery techniques used in C.I. condition (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, and Holland, 1986)

  27. RESULTS • More correct items recalled • No difference in # of incorrect items recalled • Fewer questions asked; more efficient

  28. HYPNOSIS VS. the COGNITIVE INTERVIEW • C.I. elicited 33.4% more information than hypnosis (Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond, Jurkevich, & Warhaftig, 1987) • C.I. does not lead to increased error rate • C.I. lessens subjects’ suggestibility to leading questions (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1986)

  29. FOOD FOR THOUGHT… • Should the Cognitive Interview be incorporated into the standard training program of all investigative interviewers? • Would it be as effective if the witness is a child? • Would it still be as effective after a long delay? If the event was very traumatic?

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