Motion and Forces

1. Motion and Forces Displacement in Time and Space Focus Questions All animations: www.exrx.net What is motion? How can you tell if an object is speeding up or slowing down?

2. Motion Vocabulary • Balanced Forces • Unbalanced Forces • Inertia • Gravity • Friction • Force • Mass • Magnitude • v=d/t • Total Distance • Total time • Motion • Position • Reference Point • Direction • Speed • Average speed

3. Motion is a change in position of an objectwith respect to time. www.idcide.com

4. Position - the location of an object. The change in position is measured in the amount of distance an object has moved from one position (reference point) to another. Cowpens to Downtown Spartanburg: 14 miles www.idcide.com www.fierydarts.com www.telegraphics.com

5. Examples of units of speed are:“meters per second” (m/s)“kilometers per hour” (km/h)and“miles per hour” (mph).

6. Direction - the relationship of the position of a moving object to another position. www.fierydarts.com www.telegraphics.com

7. Speed - the distance traveled by an object in one unit of time. Speed is the rate of change of the position of an object, or how long it takes something to move a distance. Speed does not necessarily mean that something is moving fast. www.idcide.com www.fierydarts.com www.telegraphics.com

8. The average speed of an object tells you the (average) time at which it covers a given distance. While the speed of the object may vary during the total time it is moving, the average speed is the result of the total distance divided by the total time taken.

9. Speed can be calculated by dividing the distance the object travels by the amount of time it takes to travel that distance. Speed measurements contain a unit of distance divided by a unit of time.

10. Average speed can be calculated using the formula v = d/t where: v is theaverage speed of the object d is the distance or length of the path of the object t is the time taken to cover the path

11. Calculate the average speed of an object in motion: • http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/javalabs/java12/fnm/act1/lab.htm

12. We can measure the distance and time of an object in motion. This data can be represented in a data table. For example:

13. This data can then be represented on a time-distance graph

14. This graph can then be used to describe the position, direction and speed of the motion of the object. http://teacherline.pbs.org/teacherline/resources/activities/race/readings/race.htm

15. Reference Point Starting Place – Point of Origin

16. Position Relative to the reference point (X-axis), the object at position A is 10 meters away, at position B the object is 15 meters away, and at position C the object is 10 meters away. B B A C A C

17. The direction of the object is described as whether it is “moving away” from or “moving toward” the reference point. If the object is “moving away” from the reference point, the line will go up (distance increasing) as in position A. If the object is “moving toward” the reference point the line will go down (distance decreasing) as in position C. B B A C A C

18. The slope of the line can tell the relative speed of the object. When the slope of the line is steep, the speed is faster than if the slope were flatter. When the slope of the line is flatter, the speed is slower. For example: http://www.sycd.co.uk/dtg/

19. Create a data table and graph the following: Alex and Ed left home at 1:00 PM and walked to the movie theatre which is 2.5 miles away. This took them 60 minutes. The movie lasted two hours. The boys left the theatre and walked an additional 2 miles to the store. This took them 90 minutes because they met up with some friends and talked for a while. They stayed at the store 1 hour and then their dad picked them up to take them home. They arrived home at 7:30 PM.

23. Describing Motion: Newton’s Laws

24. Newton’s First Law of Motion(also known as Law of Inertia) • An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. • The behavior of all objects can be described by saying that objects tend to "keep on doing what they're doing" unless something interferes. www.3dkingdom.org

25. There are two forces that can affect the movement (speed and direction) of an object. • Gravity, which is a property of all matter, is a force that pulls objects toward each other without direct contact or impact. Objects on Earth are pulled toward the center of Earth and when raised above the surface of Earth, they fall “down” toward Earth. As objects fall toward Earth, their speed increases at a definite rate. www.3dkingdom.org

26. Friction is a force that opposes motion. It can slow down or stop the motion of an object. The slowing force of friction always acts in the direction opposite to the force causing the motion. For example, friction slows or stops the motion of moving parts of machines. Most tires are designed to increase friction for better traction on the road. www.fierydarts.com http://www.rockcrawler.com/techreports/bfgmtkm/tire-tread.jpg

27. Inertiais the tendency of objects to resist any change in motion. It is the tendency for objects to stay in motion if they are moving or to stay at rest if they are not moving unless acted on by an outside force. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/mmedia/newtlaws/il.html

28. Inertia causes a passenger in a car to continue to move forward even though the car stops. • Inertia is why seat belts are so important for the safety of passengers in vehicles. • Inertia is why it is impossible for vehicles to stop instantaneously. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/GBSSCI/PHYS/mmedia/newtlaws/il.html

29. Inertia is a property of the object; it is not a force.

30. A pl The force of gravity, in combination with the property of inertia, is responsible for the orbits of moons and planets. http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/orbmech/orbit/orbit.html http://www.unitedstreaming.com/search/assetDetail.cfm?guidAssetId=27DE45E9-9B3D-478E-A546-D893FC4D2B92

31. Varying the amount of force or mass will affect the motion of an object. • Force The greater theforce exerted on an object, the faster an object will move. For example, racecars have very large engines to produce the force needed to move the cars so fast. The smaller the force, the slower the object will move.

32. Mass The greater the mass of an object with the same force exerted on it, the slower the object will move. Less massive objects can move faster with less force. For example, in football, backfield players who must move faster are often less massive than linemen who do not have to move fast.

33. A tennis ball vs. bowling ball is another example. The same force on the small mass of a tennis ball will make it move much faster than the same force on the larger mass of a bowling ball.

34. Forces have a magnitude (strength) and a direction. Think of forces as arrows with the length of the arrow representing the magnitude (strength) of the force and the head of the arrow pointing in the direction of the force. Using such arrows, the resulting size and direction of the force can be predicted.

35. Forces occur in pairs and can be balanced or unbalanced. They affect the magnitude (speed) (illustrated by the length of the arrow) and direction (illustrated by the direction of the arrow point) of moving objects. Balanced Unbalanced

36. Balanced forces Balanced forces act on an object in opposite directions and are equal in size as shown in the arrows below. Balanced forces do not cause a change in the magnitude or direction of a moving object. Objects that are not moving will not start moving if acted on by balanced forces. Balanced forces will cause no change in the motion of an object.

37. Examples: • In a tug of war, if there is no movement in the rope, the two teams are exerting equal, but opposite forces that are balanced. • In arm wrestling, the force exerted by each person is equal, but they are pushing in opposite directions. Draw each of these forces using arrows

38. Unbalanced forces Unbalanced forces are not equal, and they always cause a change in the magnitude and direction of a moving object. When two unbalanced forces are exerted in opposite directions, their combined force is equal to the difference between the two forces and is exerted in the direction of the larger force.

39. For example, if a soccer ball (small arrow) is kicked as it moves toward a player (long arrow), it will move in the opposite direction because of the force of the kick (smaller arrow to the right of the =) as shown below:

40. Or, if in a tug of war, one team pulls harder than the other, the rope will move in that direction as shown below:

41. If unbalanced forces are exerted in the same direction, the resulting force will be the sum of the forces in the direction the forces are applied. For example, if two people pull on an object at the same time, the applied force on the object will be the result of their combined forces (resulting force) as shown below:

42. When forces act in the same direction, their forces are added. When forces act in opposite directions, their forces are subtracted from each other. • Unbalanced forces cause a nonmoving object to start moving. and

43. 2nd Law F = m x a

44. Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that if an unbalanced force acts on a body, that body will experience acceleration ( or deceleration), that is, a change of speed.One can say that a body at rest is considered to have zero speed, ( a constant speed). So any force that causes a body to move is an unbalanced force. Also, any force, such as friction, or gravity, that causes a body to slow down or speed up, is an unbalanced force.

45. 2nd Law • When mass is in kilograms and acceleration is in m/s/s, the unit of force is in newtons (N). • One newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter/second/second.

46. 2nd Law (F = m x a) • How much force is needed to accelerate a 1400 kilogram car 2 meters per second/per second? • Write the formula • F = m x a • Fill in given numbers and units • F = 1400 kg x 2 meters per second/second • Solve for the unknown • 2800 kg-meters/second/second or2800 N

47. If mass remains constant, doubling the acceleration, doubles the force. If force remains constant, doubling the mass, halves the acceleration.

48. 3rd Law • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

49. 3rd Law According to Newton, whenever objects A and B interact with each other, they exert forces upon each other. When you sit in your chair, your body exerts a downward force on the chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body.

50. 3rd Law There are two forces resulting from this interaction - a force on the chair and a force on your body. These two forces are called action and reaction forces.