Basic Weight Training Ergogenic Aids: Drugs and Supplements

1. Basic Weight TrainingErgogenic Aids: Drugs and Supplements Chapter 13

2. The most important thing about motivation is goal setting. You should always have a goal. — Francie Larrieu Smith

3. Ergogenic Aids • Substances or techniques used to enhance performance. Substances taken to: • Enhance muscle hypertrophy • Speed recovery and prevent effects of overtraining • Increase training intensity and aggressiveness • Control body fat, water, and appetite

4. Popular Ergogenic Aids

5. Popular Ergogenic Aids (cont.)

6. Popular Ergogenic Aids (cont.)

7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids • Drugs similar to naturally produced testosterone. • Stimulate protein synthesis, prevent protein breakdown, increase aggressiveness, improve strength and power, may increase endurance by increasing power output. • Work best at higher doses (> 400 mg testosterone per week). • Side effects increase at higher doses. • Popular among bodybuilders, weightlifters, powerlifters, football players, and track and field athletes. • Banned for use in most amateur and professional sports.

8. History Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids • Used experimentally by German army, WWII • Wide-spread use by athletes began in 1960s • 1983 Pan-Am Games: 19 athletes tested positive; many other athletes withdrew from competition • 1988: Ben Johnson tests positive at Olympics • 1990: Anabolic Steroid Control Act classified steroids as Schedule III substance • 1991: Some experts attribute Lyle Alzedo’s death to steroids • 2000: World Anti-Doping Agency founded

9. How Steroids Work in the Body • Increase the size and perhaps the number of muscle cells • Increase satellite cells that can be converted to new muscle cells • Improved calcium release: increases muscle power • Increased androgen receptor activity: greater capacity for protein synthesis • Anticatabolic effect: block protein breakdown • Increase release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) • Increases aggressiveness: train harder

10. Liver toxicity (orals)  Cardiac arrhythmias  Resting blood pressure  Coronary artery disease ?  Risk of heart failure ?  Promotion of prostate cancer?  AIDs from sharing needles  Acne  Blood sugar ?  Abnormal bleeding and blood clotting?  Swelling and water retention  Aggressiveness  Masculinization in women and children  High density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)  Sperm count  Blood testosterone levels  Fertility  Growth in children Expensive and many counterfeits Illegal without prescription Health Risks of Anabolic Steroids

11. Growth Hormone (GH) and IGF-1 • Promote protein synthesis and reduces body fat • GH triggers IGF-1 activity, which stimulates muscle growth and protein synthesis • GH and IGF-1 work best together • May promote pre-existing cancer • Increases insulin resistance • Can cause carpal and tarsal tunnel syndrome and joint pain • Expensive and many counterfeits • Illegal without prescription

12. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Androstenedione (Andro) • Called “pro-hormones.” Both are produced naturally by the adrenal glands. Partly converted to testosterone and estrogens. • Andro classified as anabolic steroid in 2005. • Most studies found no effects on athletic performance, except in very high doses. • Side effects similar to those of anabolic steroids when taken in high doses. • Few side effects or beneficial effects when taken in low doses.

13. Other Anabolic Drugs and Supplements • Insulin: increases protein synthesis. Can cause insulin shock and create autoimmune response. • Clenbuterol: anti-asthma drug that increases protein synthesis. Causes heart failure in horses. • Myostatin blockers: Myostatin is a chemical in muscle that inhibits protein synthesis. Commericially available myostatin blockers don’t inhibit the myostatin gene or promote muscle growth. • Human chorionic gonadotropin, periactin, conjugated linoleic acid vanadyl sulfate, and organ extracts have no proven effects on protein synthesis.

14. Supplements that Speed Recovery • Creatine monohydrate •  Muscle creatine phosphate (important chemical for energy and cell work) by 20% • May promote carbohydrate metabolism in the cells • Probably increases muscle mass and strength by allowing more intense training • After several weeks, low doses (2 to 5 grams per day) just as effective as including loading phase (5 days of 20 grams per day) • Minimal side effects reported in scientific studies • Anecdotal reports of side effects: muscle and gastrointestinal cramping and dehydration (not shown in any studies) • Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB; lysine metabolite) • Several studies found that HMB increases muscle mass and strength • Combining HMB and creatine monohydrate have additive effects on muscle mass and strength

15. Stimulants • Amphetamines: Prevent fatigue and increases strength and aggressiveness • Highly addictive, cause arrhythmias, paranoia, hallucinations, compulsive behavior, restlessness, and irritability • Caffeine: Increase strength, power, and endurance • May increase risk of arrhythmias and insomnia and is addictive; no longer banned in Olympic sports • Cocaine: Increases strength and power • Highly addictive, causes arrhythmias, severe psychological disturbances, and may trigger cardiac arrest • GHB (date rape drug): Does not improve athletic performance. Dangerous and highly addictive. • Modafinil (Provigil): minor stimulant that increases concentration and endurance capacity. • Recently banned in Olympic sports

16. Weight Loss Supplements and Drugs • Appetite-suppressing drugs • Sibutramine, ephedra, ephedrine, amphetamines, modafinil • High protein meals suppress hunger • Thermogenic drugs: speed metabolic rate (rate of calorie use) • Thyroid hormone, ephedra, ephedrine, amphetamines, dinitrophenol. • All can have serious and even deadly side effects • Nutrient blocking agents • Orlistat (Xenical): blocks fat absorption. Mild but unpleasant side effects • Chitosan: reportedly blocks carbohydrate absorption. Studies found it ineffective.

17. Basic Weight TrainingErgogenic Aids: Drugs and Supplements Chapter 13