Review

1. Review Industrialization/Economic Development, Political Geo, Agriculture

2. Indus/Econ Dev. • Industrialization leads to development • Agriculture based first • Industry brings investments (FDI), company’s and therefore jobs = urbanization may lead to overcrowding of cities • Services come after deindustrialization

3. Indus/Econ Dev. • How to calculate development • Use economic, social and demographic (pop. characteristics) indicators • HDI (developed by UN): GDP per capita, education, literacy rate, and life expectancy • GDP influences all the other indicators: the more money a country has = the more money it can spend on improving education/literacy rate and providing medical care to increase life expectancy • GDP gap b/w MDC and LDC is widening

4. Indus/Econ Dev. • Industrial Revolution brings technologies that “develop” people • Sewer systems; medicines; urbanization; raised living standards • Started in GB then diffused to Europe and NA • Cottage industry factories • Cause and effects • Invention of steam engine (uses coal to heat water and create steam) • Lowered death rates = increase in population (stage 2) • Medical revolution for current LDCs to stage 2

5. Indus/Econ Dev. • Islands of development = uneven distribution of development within a country • One super developed city within an undeveloped country • International Division of labor • People earn money in different ways = different jobs = different skills required = different pay • Primary, secondary jobs more in LDCs; less income • Tertiary jobs found in MDS; more income • Trends: • MDCs: deindustrialization = more tertiary jobs • LDCs: more industry jobs as countries develop

6. Indus/Econ Dev. • Gender equality helps a country develop: more opportunities for women = more women in workforce = lower TFR, more tax payers. • Women need positions of power (GEM) to make a difference in their own lives. • Islam in Middle East prohibits gender equality and thus further development • GDI and GEM

7. Indus/Econ Dev. • Development models • Self-sufficiency • Balanced growth throughout countries; domestic companies flourish • International trade/Rostow’s development model (5 stages) • Focus on one or two items and produce those then trade with other countries for what you are not producing yourself • Creates dependency/neocolonialism? • Cheap labor is exploited; uneven development (islands of dev,)

8. Indus/Econ Dev. • 4 Asian dragons successfully applied the IT approach • IT attracts FDI; WTO promotes IT model • Barriers to economic development • Debt: not repaying loans makes countries scared to loan more • Disease: increases CDR • Corruption/instability

9. Indus/Econ Dev. • Development takes toll on environment and cultures: more production = bigger effects • EPZ- Maquilladoras; NAFTA • Special economic zones in China • Tourism brings money but hurts culture • Agriculture: desertification, increased fertilizers can wreak havoc on environment

10. Indus/Econ Dev. • World bank- loans for development • IMF- helps stabilize currency in country • created by UN to promote stability and development after WWII and to avoid another Great Depression • Idea is that LDCs will take money to improve their infrastructure (schools, roads, public services/goods) which will attract more foreign businesses to open or domestic business to expand • LDCs can then repay the loans through taxes collected for supplying pubic services/goods

11. Indus/Econ Dev. • Fair trade • Cut out exploitive middle men who want to maximize profits. Work directly with the producers and workers so more profits can be returned to them. • World Systems Theory • World is one world market/economy • Countries work together: some are in the core-performing tertiary jobs- and some are in the periphery (performing primary and secondary jobs) = int’l division of labor!

12. Indus/Econ Dev • Where to locate a factory that manufactures goods? Where is optimal location? • Manufacturing gives something value • Situation factors- transp. to and from factory • Proximity top inputs/raw materials • Bulk-reducing • Proximity to markets • Bulk-gaining • Single-market manufacturers/just in time delivery/perishable products

13. Indus/Econ Dev • Site factors- unique characteristics: • Labor- most important, esp. for labor intensive industries; skilled (post-Fordist) vs unskilled (Fordist) workers; Land- rural cheaper than urban for factory • Environmental- availability of hydroelectricity; cultural amenities to attract workers (sports teams) • Capital (money)- technopoles attract skilled labor and loans for specific industries; MDCs are favored because banks scared to give risky loans to LDCs • Footloose industries

14. Indus/Econ Dev • 4 shipping modes • Break of bulk points made possible by containerization • Weber’s least costs theory- Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least • Transportation costs most important- weight of product and distance = transport costs • Labor costs and agglomeration costs also considered

15. Indus/Econ Dev • Some industries are either: • Attracted to new regions • Right to work laws that discourage unions in south • Deindustrialization of Rustbelt sunbelt gets jobs • Cheap labor overseas: offshoring outsourcing • Stay in old regions • Skilled labor already there- no money wasted training • Just in time delivery

16. Indus/Econ Dev • Economic base= collection of basic industries • Basic industries fuel more basic industries • The money you have coming in from outside the settlement (from basic industries) brings in new money to spur more nonbasicindustries • Multiplier effect: economic base expansion from the industries already there • Steel in Pittsburgh (basic) led to the rise of barge industry (nonbasic)

17. Indus/Econ Dev • Capitalism: market forces of supply and demand dictate prices. Profits are encouraged. Large gaps between rich and poor. Meshes well with democracies (both have freedoms)- US, West Europe • Socialism: government control of basic items (food, energy, transportation, health care)- higher taxes needed to pay for these = redistribution of wealth- Switzerland • Communism: total govt control over everything! Same salary for everyone- no incentive to succeed; govt determines your profession. China and SU!

18. Political Geo • State vs nation/ nation-state vs stateless nation • Soveriegnty/self-determination • One Korea? Taiwan? • Polar regions; Antarctic for research only • Law of the Sea- 200 mile EEZ • Large state vs microstate • Modern city-states are smaller states that have one large city and surrounding area as their country

19. Political Geo • Development of state concept • Relatively new idea to carve Earth into states • City-states were collected into empires • Empires (Roman Empire) broke up into fragmented kingdoms • The puzzle piece kingdoms were united into modern Euro countries • Europeans spread state concept through colonialism/imperialism

20. Political Geo • Colonialism vs imperialism • Colonialism- God, Glory and Gold; happened first; mostly in sparsely populated or uninhabited areas; started in 1400s with Age of Exploration and finding new route to Asia • Imperialism- came later (about 1800s); invasion and control of lands where people are, living and governments exist • Berlin conference: carve up Africa in 1884 for European powers • Decolonization of Asia and Africa after WWII

21. Political Geo • Size – larger countries may have more possibilities available to them as far as carrying capacity • Determines type of government (federal vs unitary)? • Shape – can foster or hinder effective organization of the state. (Elongated vs compact) • Location – relative and absolute • Landlocked – very disadvantageous relative location • Cores and Capitals– Core area is the nucleus from which a state grew and developed – usually contains the capital city.

22. Political Geo • State shapes: compact; elongated; prorupted (for two reasons); perforated (surrounded country = enclave); fragmented (2 types) • Enclave= Lesotho; Vatican City; San Marino • Exclave= Bangladesh; Alaska and Hawaii • Landlocked- have to maintain friendly relations with states or they cut off trade • Africa has most: RRs helps get trade to interior • Choke points

23. Political Geo • Types of boundaries: physical, geographic, cultural (geometric, religious and language)– boundaries go below and above, too! • Types of Geometric boundaries: antecedent (before settlement); subsequent (after); Consequent (accommodates differences); Superimposed (forced upon landscape); Relic (once was boundary but not anymore) • Frontier vs boundary

24. Political Geo • Boundaries inside states include country boundaries; voting and school districts, etc. • Disputes: definitional (disagree over definition); territorial (dis. Over who owns the territory); functional (dis over how the border will function) • Irredentism • Unitary vs federal govt- which works best with larger or smaller states?

25. Political Geo • Electoral Geo: census, reapportionment, redistricting; gerrymandering is illegal but hard to prove • Voting districts are redrawn every 10 years with the census • Based on the census, the 435 Representatives are then reapportioned to States who gained population • Redistricting happens if you gain or lose a Rep because you must have 1 rep per district

26. Political Geo • Nationalism: centripetal vs centrifugal forces • Devolution, which is the movement of power from central government to regional governments within the state, with centrifugal forces • Regional autonomy to appease unhappy group so they do not break away from country • Most devolution occurs on borders: Russia and Ukraine! • Quebec separatists movements; Also in Basque, Israel with Palestinians and other stateless nations

27. Political Geo • Geopolitics • Ratzel’s organic state theory- countries need living room (labensraum)– Hitler used! • Spykman’sRimland Theory • Protect the Rim of the heartland = naval/sea power important • Mackinder’s Heartland theory • Controlling Euraisa (the world island) would = world domination • Led to Containment policy during Cold War

28. Political Geo • Cold War Geography • US (capitalism/democracy) vs. Soviet Union (communism) = bipolar balance of world power • Satellites were SU countries in Eastern Europe used as buffers between Russia and West Europe • Iron curtain • “proxy wars” = indirect wars b/w US and SU • Korea; Cuban missile crisis; Vietnam (Domino theory); Afghanistan (when we helped the Taliban!) • Berlin Wall; Germany and Berlin divided into E and W

29. Political Geo • Cooperation • Economic: EU; NAFTA; OPEC • Political: UN (replaced League of Nations in 1945 after WWII); peace keepers that rely on troops from individual countries’ armies • Military: NATO (Allies); Warsaw Pact (former Soviet Union) • Economic more important than military now • These organizations are known as supranational organizations; make for a multi-polar world = MANY countries hold power

30. Political Geo • Terrorism: no universal definition; goal of instilling fear • Differs from assassinations: military vs civilian targets • Al-Qaeda: bin Laden’s jihad fighters • States support terrorism by harboring, funding/supplying weapons, working with terrorists to plan attacks

31. Political Geo • Afghanistan-US helped Mujahedeen fight Soviets (part of Cold War containment); was former home of Taliban until US invasion after 9/11 • Iraq- Shia and Sunni Muslims fighting for power after Hussein toppled • Iran- 1979 Iranian revolution • Pakistan- Taliban fleeing into Pakistan and controlling border regions b/w Pak. and Afg.

32. Ag./Rural Land Use • Agriculture- deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and domestication of animals • Ag hearths = the early civilizations: Nile River, Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), Indus River, Huang He River, West Africa • Multiple hearths because environment determines what is grown

33. Ag./Rural Land Use • First (Neolithic) Ag Rev- 10,000 years ago when H/Gs started to practice ag on purpose • Second Ag Rev- new farming techniques and technology brought about by Industrial Rev. increased yields. • Third Ag Rev (Green Revolution)- miracle seed brings an end to over-population scares (for now); GMOs, seeds can grow closer together = more productivity and greatly increased yields; INDIA

34. Ag./Rural Land Use • Hunters and gatherers settled down to create first civilizations that grew enough food to support large population (H/Gs still exist) • Vegetative (roots) and seed ag • Subsistence (LDCs) vs commercial (MDCs) • Purpose of farming (sell crops off land?) • % farmers in labor force/use of machinery (more needed to famr=less technology=LDC) • Farm size (big=commercial; small=subsistence) • Relations to other business (only in MDCs with agribusiness)

35. Ag./Rural Land Use • Types of Ag depend on climate • LDCs • Shifting cultivation • Tropics; low pop densities; extensive; environmentally friendly? • Know the process: slash, swidden, burn, farm, repeat • Pastoral Nomadism • Dry areas in N Africa; massively extensive; land disputes with sedentary famers (Darfur, “Code of the West [ranchers]); do not eat animals- trade milk for grains; transhumance

36. Ag./Rural Land Use 3. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture • Asia; use land to the max; manual labor; double cropping; crop rotation 4. Plantation Farming- only one that is not a form of subsistence ag. • Monocropping; sell cash crops; bring in workers and house them on plantation • Used in US before Civil War with slaves; cotton and tobacco; abolition of slavery decreased their use

37. Ag./Rural Land Use • MDCs • Mixed Crop and Livestock • Crops feed animals; income all year; corn and soybeans; Corn Belt (Iowa) • Dairy Farming • perishable; milkshed; refrigeration allows it to be produced further from markets and not spoil • Where climate is too wet/cold for growing; labor intensive and very expensive to start and maintain

38. Ag./Rural Land Use 3. Grain Farming • Grown for consumption by humans; wheat for flour is world’s leading export crop; breadbasket in Parries; heavily mechanized for efficiency • Winter and spring wheat belts- can grow all year; Palouse in Washington state 4. Livestock Farming • Where too dry or bad soil for crops; 1860s expansion: rancher (semi-nomadic) would take cattle to RR to be slaughtered in Chicago to feed growing cities in East • Code of the West and Range Wars: barbed wire to fence in land

39. Ag./Rural Land Use 5. Mediterranean Ag. • Certain climates and landscape needed= same all around world • Located near water on west coasts of warm winds (Cali-Pacific ocean; Mediterranean Sea); olives, grapes (for wine) 6. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming • US southeast; truck farming; migrant workers; specialize in few crops; NE uses as alternative to expensive dairy famring

40. Ag./Rural Land Use • Policies of wealthy countries (LDCs get hurt) • High tariffs on imported crops from LDCs • Subsidies (govt’s payments = tax money to pay farmers!) • Food deserts • As a result of the distance between farmers and consumers, low-income urban and rural areas face the issue of not having access to fresh, nutritious food (processed cheaper than fresh) • Grocery shop as gas stations, not Publix

41. Ag./Rural Land Use • MDC and LDC farmers face same problem of raising enough money to survive but reasons are different • Von Thunen model (transport costs important!) • Market location • Bid rent vs transport costs will determine most profitable crop to grow • Perishability and weight factor in to location needs and transport costs

42. Ag./Rural Land Use • Vertical integration = combine steps in the supply chain/production process (agribusiness can be example) • Commercial farming challenges = farm crisis • Overproduction lowers price of crop = need subsidy to survive • Sustainable Ag. (organic farming): limited chemicals, smart use of land= sustainable for the environment

43. Ag./Rural Land Use • Subsistence farming challenges • Must feed growing population while urbanization is pulling people from the farms • Boserup’s ways • Grow food for export instead of domestic consumption (dependency theory) • Dilemma: farmers who grow export crops need to be fed by the shrinking # of subs. farmers (going to work in factories). $ from selling crops to MDCs may have to be used to buy food/other needs from MDCs

44. Ag./Rural Land Use • Farming in cities- garden plots/rooftop gardens • Desertification- over grazing Sahara in Africa creating the Sahel • Drug crops can replace food crops in LDCs- more $ • Eating livestock is inefficient: needs more energy to produce, waste grain on animal feed • Livestock contributes large amounts of greenhouse gasses = global warming and pollution

45. Ag./Rural Land Use • Land use during westward expansion (manifest destiny) • Metes and bounds: use physical features as boundaries • Township and range: even squares, used to facilitate the sale of land • Long lots: French system- Quebec, Louisiana; provide access to something, usually road or river (for connectivity/communication purposes)