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Tennessee Technological University

T. U. T. C. E. E. Tennessee Tech. CEE. UNIVERSITY. Potential Role of SWOT for International Issues of Surface Water Monitoring. Tennessee Technological University. SWOT Hydrology Workshop The Ohio State University, Sept 15-17, 2008. Faisal Hossain. Faisal Hossain

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Tennessee Technological University

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  1. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Potential Role of SWOT for International Issues of Surface Water Monitoring Tennessee Technological University SWOT Hydrology Workshop The Ohio State University, Sept 15-17, 2008 Faisal Hossain Faisal Hossain Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tennessee Technological University

  2. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY OUTLINE Tennessee Technological University • Society – What are the policy implications that freely available water storage (+flux) would have for water management? • Potential of SWOT for Bangladesh: Accuracy of SRTM data for discharge estimation of Brahmaputra river (braided) in Bangladesh. Faisal Hossain

  3. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY General Problem of Transboundary Flow Forecasting in the Developing World: The Story of the Niger River 1. 4030 km long, 2,113,200 km2 2. Flows through 5 countries 3. Drainage area comprised of 11 countries 4. Frequent river flooding induced by heavy rainfall Question: How does a downstream nation monitor early the evolution of river flow across political boundaries of 5 nations, 11 administrations and a diverse landscape? 5. Diverse climate, rainfall regime, soil conditions, topography = varying response of landscape to rainfall

  4. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Transboundary Flow Forecasting: The Global Picture on International River Basins • Hydro-political limitations worsen at the shorter time scales Tennessee Technological University 145 countries are associated in IRBs.. > 50% of total surface flow 214 International River Basins in 1979 UN Register 261 in 2002 (Updated) Faisal Hossain Distribution of treaties with allusion to transboundary flood management Source: Dr. Aaron Wolf, Oregon State University

  5. Overview of Surface Water-related Hazards in Bangladesh T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY The geographical location and average land levels of Bangladesh are conducive to Flood Erosion Storm Surge Drought Tennessee Technological University Average inundation 22% 68% area inundated in 1998 Faisal Hossain Over 3000 km river bank will be eroded by 2025 Water scarcity in 7 months a year Source: Institute of Water Modeling - Bangladesh About 1/4 th of the country susceptible to tidal surges

  6. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY 3-Day Water Level Forecast RHWL Danger Level Routine Surface Water Monitoring Needs of Bangladesh Tennessee Technological University • Flood Forecasting during Monsoon Season. • About 30 river stations. • Forecasts for public - 3 days. 10 day to seasonal forecast under prototype. Source: Flood Forecasting and Warning Center; www.ffwc.gov.bd

  7. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Challenges of Flood Forecasting in Bangladesh • Bangladesh comprises only 7% of Basin area. • Lack of upstream (transboundary) stream flow in real-time limits forecasting range to ~ 3 days. (10 day ensemble forecast in 2009) • High costs and maintenance issues for In-situ rainfall and stream gage network 21 day forecast is IDEAL according to Asian Disaster Preparedness Center for South Asian nations

  8. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY Impact of Large-scale Water Diversion Projects in Upstream Nations? The Indian River Linking Project (IRLP) Increase of anthropogenic alteration of long-term surface water distribution through planned large-scale water resources project in upstream nations will make downstream nations more dependent on water storage-level information from SWOT. Use of stand-alone ‘natural’ models will not be able to provide answers to all key questions on future water availability.

  9. Space-borne Discharge Estimation of Brahmaputra River (a Braided River) T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY What is the Uncertainty of satellite interferometry (SRTM) -based discharge estimation of braided rivers? Tennessee Technological University Land/Water Mask SRTM elevation data Braided rivers have not been well-studied SRTM Overpass – Feb 20, 2000

  10. Space-borne Discharge Estimation of Bangladesh Rivers T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Tennessee Technological University Faisal Hossain Bathymetry data of Brahmaputra river cross sections from IWM Water slope derived from SRTM Uniform flow conditions: Water surface slope=Energy gradient: Manning’s equation

  11. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY Space-borne Discharge Estimation of Bangladesh Rivers Tennessee Technological University Low flow (dry season) discharge estimated by satellite interferometry comparable to natural low-flow variability Hamski et al (2008) – ASLO – American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Conference March 2-7, Orlando, Florida.

  12. Availability of Infrastructure for Ground Truth Data for SWOT in Bangladesh Tidal Discharge Measurement ADCP Measurement Bathymetry Charting T U T C E E Alignment Survey using ProXR DGPS Spot Level using Total Station BM establishment with RTK-GPS Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY IWM – Bangladesh offers a range of archived data and river measurement capability for SWOT validation

  13. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech CEE UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Tennessee Technological University • Dennis Lettenmaier – for facilitating the connection to SWOT • Ohio State University – Doug Alsdorf and James Hamski • University of Mississippi: Dr. Azad Hossain. • Institute of Water Modeling – Bangladesh: Abu Saleh Khan, Zeaul Huq, Mahbubur Rahman and Bushra Nishat. • Dhaka University - Bangladesh: Dr. Khaled Hassan. Faisal Hossain

  14. T U T C E E Tennessee Tech UNIVERSITY THANK YOU! QUESTIONS? Main Message Recap 1. Increase of anthropogenic alteration of long-term surface water distribution through planned large-scale water resources project in upstream nations will make downstream nations more dependent on water storage-level/flux information from SWOT for day to day and long-term planning 2. Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins are home to one fifth of humanity with regions vulnerable to sea level rise. 3. Virtual SWOT should include Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basins

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