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Child Development: Chapter 5 Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn

Child Development: Chapter 5 Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn. Chapter Outline. Prenatal Development The Birth Experience The Newborn . Three stages of prenatal development. Germinal stage – 0-2 weeks Fertilization Cell division Creation of the blastula

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Child Development: Chapter 5 Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn

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  1. Child Development: Chapter 5Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn

  2. Chapter Outline • Prenatal Development • The Birth Experience • The Newborn

  3. Three stages of prenatal development • Germinal stage – 0-2 weeks • Fertilization • Cell division • Creation of the blastula • Implantation in the uterine wall

  4. Blastocyst becomes embryo • Trophoblast becomes placenta

  5. Embryonic stage 2 weeks – 2 months • Placenta develops to nourish the embryo • Three layers develop • Ectoderm (outside) – skin, nervous system • Mesoderm (middle) – muscle, blood, bones • Endoderm (inside) – internal organs • Cephalocaudal development – head to toe

  6. Critical period: development is occurring rapidly and the organism is especially sensitive to damage • Organogenesis: development of internal organs • Heart begins to beat • Miscarriage is common • 50-80% are due to chromosomal abnormalities

  7. Fetal stage – 2 months - birth • Sexual differentiation • Prenatal “breathing” • Development of the senses • The Mozart effect – true or false?

  8. Health and risks in pregnancy • The mother’s experience • Three trimesters • First 3 months: • Morning sickness due to hormonal changes • Fatigue • Second 3 months: • Woman feels the baby moving (“quickening”) • Activity level prenatally predicts activity level of the baby after birth

  9. Final 3 months: • Fatigue and discomfort • Fetus “drops” to get into position for birth

  10. The Father’s Prenatal Experience • Support for the mother-to-be: emotional, physical and financial • “Couvade”: experience of some of the symptoms of pregnancy • 11-65% of men experience weight gain, nausea, indigestion, backaches, mood swings, and/or food cravings

  11. Having a Healthy Pregnancy Importance of • prenatal medical care • maternal diet

  12. Prenatal Risks • Does America provide the best care for pregnant women? • http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/hea_mat_mor-health-maternal-mortality • Worldwide issues of maternal mortality: • http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/

  13. Teratogens • Agents that can disrupt prenatal development and cause malformations or termination of the pregnancy: • Alcohol: Fetal alcohol syndrome • Tobacco (including 2nd hand smoke): asthma and other respiratory problems; SIDS; ADHD and learning disabilities • Prescription drugs – even aspirin is linked with bleeding • Illegal drugs; • e.g., cocaine – withdrawal, poor cry signal, brain and cognitive problems • marijuana – tremors, long-term cognitive problems • Maternal disease and stress

  14. Labor and Delivery First stage of labor • Early labor: contractions are usually not painful; cervix begins to thin out and dilate. • Active labor: contractions become longer, stronger, and more frequent; cervix has dilated to 4 cms.; lasts on average 3 to 8 hours. • Transition: contractions come in rapid succession and last up to 90 seconds each,; lasts15 minutes to 3 hours; ends when cervix has dilated 10 cms.

  15. Second stage of labor: • urge to push • delivery of the baby Third stage of labor: • delivery of the placenta

  16. Birthing Options • Where: hospital, home, birthing center • Who helps: doctor, midwife, doula

  17. Learning to be a Mother or a Father: Biology Effects of hormones: “Baby blues” Postpartum depression should be treated Certain hormones promote nurturing behavior in both mothers and fathers (e.g., prolactin)

  18. Learning to be a Mother or a Father: Culture • Cultural effects on learning to be a parent • How much support is offered in different cultures? • allowing parents to stay home (parental leave from work) • Learning about parenting from knowledgeable people (including grandparents) • social connection with other adults

  19. The Newborn • Newborn capabilities • the newborn can hear, see, taste, smell, and respond to touch • Infant states: different levels of consciousness used to regulate the amount of stimulation an infant receives • Sleep • Quiet alertness • Crying

  20. Risks to Infants • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • Prematurity: birth that occurs before a gestational age of 37 weeks • Low birth weight: full-term newborn weighing less than 5 pounds, 4 ounces

  21. This baby weighed 8.6 ounces

  22. Some premature and low birth weight infants develop normally and some do not. • Modern Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) are essential to their treatment.

  23. Babies and Parents • Becoming a new parent is both joyful and stressful. • In spite of the stress, only 8% of the parents wish they could be free from the responsibility of being a parent, and over 75% of parents agree that children are “the main satisfaction” in their life.

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