1. From Culture to Vaccine— Salk and Sabin N ENGL J MED, 2004, 351;15 Samuel L. Katz, M.D.

4. Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) IPV: inactivated poliovirus vaccine Salk’s mentor was Thomas Francis, a professor of bacteriology from NYU, development of inactivated influenzavirus vaccines In his later career, Salk devoted much energy toward the development of an AIDS vaccine. Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 - March 3, 1993) OPV: oral poliovirus vaccine During World War II he was a lieutenant colonel in the US Army Medical Corps and helped develop vaccines against dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis.

5. During the several years after the successful cultivation of poliovirus, the state of the science advanced rapidly. • The experiments showed that specific serum antibodies to poliovirus were protective in monkeys. • Armed with these findings, Salk and Sabin raced ahead along divergent pathways to develop vaccines that would be safe and effective in humans. • Salk: chose to pursue an approach similar to the one he had taken with influenzavirus. • Sabin: in contrast, was convinced by the efficacy of vaccinia and yellow fever vaccines that attenuated live viruses were more likely to prove immunogenic and protective

6. Lawyer and businessman • Friend and former law partner of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the nation’s best-known poliomyelitis victim. • Both Salk and Sabin receive generous research funding from the foundation. • O’Connor decided that Salk’s vaccine was likely to be available sooner. • When Salk’s vaccine was ready for a major field trial, O’Connor recruited Thomas Francis to organize and direct it. • More than 1.8 million schoolchildren participated, 80% protection with three doses of vaccine. Basil O'Connor

7. OPV: oral polivirus vaccine • The widespread acceptance of the Salk vaccine made it very difficult for Sabin to conduct large trials of his own vaccine in the United States. • Collaborating with Soviet investigators to immunize millions of children in Eastern Europe with OPV. • Yale University’s Dorothy Horstmann was sent with a group from the World Health Organization (WHO) to review the results of these studies, and she returned with a favorable report. First Female Full Professor, 1961

8. OPV displaced IPV (1961) • 1955~1960, IPV had markedly reduced the rate of poliomyelitis in the United States. • Some evidence that the type 3 component of the vaccine was less than optimal. • OPV (lower cost, intestinal mucosal immunity, “free” spread to unimmunized contacts, ability to be administered by nonmedical personnel).  attracted the support of many medical groups • OPV was licensed in 1961 and becoming the primary polio vaccine in the United States During the next several.

9. Salk never relinquished his contention that inactivated vaccine was sufficiently immunogenic and enduring in its effect to provide lifelong protection after initial vaccination. • 1999, after the United States had been free of “wild” poliovirus for 20 years while vaccine-associated poliomyelitis persisted, U.S. policy was redirected to an all-IPV strategy. • Many Western European nations had adhered to the use of IPV since it first became available in the late 1950s. • The WHO, however, has continued to use OPV since the beginning of its global eradication program in 1988.