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Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry

Explore the fundamentals of nuclear chemistry, focusing on nuclear symbols, mass numbers, and atomic numbers. Learn about the various types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, as well as positron production and electron capture. Understand how nuclear stability is achieved through decay processes and the concept of half-life. This chapter also covers nuclear fission and fusion reactions, highlighting their applications in energy generation, including insights into the Chernobyl disaster and the principles guiding chain reactions.

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Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Chapter 22 – Nuclear Chemistry

  2. Nuclear Symbols Mass number (p+ + no) Element symbol Atomic number (number of p+)

  3. Types of Radioactive Decay 4 2+ He 2 • alpha production (a): helium nucleus • beta production (b): 0 e 1 -

  4. Alpha Radiation Limited to VERY large nucleii.

  5. Beta Radiation Converts a neutron into a proton.

  6. Types of Radioactive Decay • gamma ray production (g): • positron production : • electron capture: (inner-orbital electron is captured by the nucleus) 0 e 1

  7. Types of Radiation

  8. Deflection of Decay Particles attract Opposite charges_________ each other. repel Like charges_________ each other.

  9. NuclearStability Decay will occur in such a way as to return a nucleus to the band (line) of stability.

  10. Half-life Concept

  11. Sample Half-Lives

  12. A radioactive nucleus reaches a stable state by a series of steps A Decay Series

  13. Nuclear Fission and Fusion • Fusion:Combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. • Fission: Splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers.

  14. Fusion

  15. Energy and Mass Nuclear changes occur with small but measurable losses of mass. The lost mass is called the mass defect, and is converted to energy according to Einstein’s equation: DE = Dmc2 Dm = mass defect DE = change in energy c = speed of light Because c2 is so large, even small amounts of mass are converted to enormous amount of energy.

  16. Fission

  17. Fission Processes A self-sustaining fission process is called a chain reaction.

  18. A Fission Reactor

  19. Chernobyl • Nuclear powerplant meltdown 1986

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