Happy Wednesday!!!

1. Happy Wednesday!!! • Take out your progressive packets so I can come around and stamp them • I will be collecting your Progressivism stamp sheet before you take the QUIZ • Did you know: your eyeballs are 3.5% salt

2. Imperialism and WWI Imperialism and the Spanish-American War

3. Imperialism • A policy in which a stronger nation works to create an empire • Mid 1800s-early 1900s • Stronger countries dominate weaker nations/territories economically, politically, culturally and militarily • Factors that influence imperialism: • Economic, nationalist, military and “humanitarian”

4. Economic Factors • An overall desire for raw materials and natural resources • By the late 1800s, Americans had more food and good than they could consume • New markets could solve this problem • New resources • US could gain political influence by investing in other countries

5. Nationalistic Factors • Imperialists use ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism • Social Darwinism- certain nations and races were superior to others and were destined to rule over inferior peoples and culture • Americans feared the US was losing vitality, energy and spirit • A quest for a larger empire could restore the country • MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)- no Euro intervention in Western Hemisphere

6. Military Factors • To expand and protect their interests around the world imperialist nations built up their military strength • Alfred T Mahan- naval officer and called on the US to build a modern naval fleet • steam powered, steel-hulled ships to protect overseas trade • By 1900, US had 3rd largest Navy

7. “Humanitarian” Factors • Colonial officials, doctors, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread “blessings” of Western civilization • US used Social Darwinism to justify expansion • Believed it was nation’s destiny to spread democracy and Christianity • To “civilize the uncivilized” • Super ethnocentric

8. Eyes on the Prize • Americans who pursued expansion focused on: • Latin America • Islands in the Pacific • China

9. Opening up Japan • Matthew Perry- US naval commodore who successfully open Japan up to trade with the US in 1854 • Allowed the US to expand in the Pacific with trade and naval bases

10. Involvement in Latin America • US had strong interest there as a result of the Monroe Doctrine • Stated that the US would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere • Within the US a sense of intense national pride and desire for an aggressive foreign policy developed • jingoism

11. Spanish-American War • Marked the start of US Imperialism • War began after the American demand for Spain's peaceful resolution of the Cuban fight for independence was rejected

12. What Led to US involvement? • Yellow Journalism- newspapers used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories to promote readership • Pulitzer and Hurst were main sources • Encouraged Americans to sympathize with Cuban rebels who were compared to the patriots of the American Revolution

13. What led to US involvement? • deLome Letter- American newspapers printed a letter from Spanish Ambassador that called President McKinley “weak” • U.S.S. Maine- battleship sent to Havana when riots broke out to rescue American citizens • Exploded in the harbor and sank, killing over 250 Americans • Blamed the Spanish and called for war

14. The Spanish-American War • Congress recognized Cuban independence • Authorized force against Spain • Began in April 1898 • Teller Amendment- stated that the US had no intention of annexing (taking) Cuba • US destroyed Spain's entire pacific fleet • American troops invaded Cuba

15. Rough Riders and San Juan Hill • Teddy Roosevelt led 1st volunteer Cavalry known as the Rough Riders • Included cowboys, miners, policemen, and college athletes • TR and the RR charged up San Juan Hill • Most famous incident in war • Spanish surrendered shortly after

16. “A Splendid Little War”- Sec. of State John Hay • Treaty of Paris • Signed in December 1898 to end the war • Spain recognized Cuban Independence • US gained Guam and Puerto Rico • US purchases Philippines for $20 million dollars • (Teller Amendment prevented US from taking Cuba)

17. Cuba • Platt Amendment- set of conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902 • Added to Cuban Constitution • Included restrictions on rights of Cubans • Granted the US the right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba

18. Puerto Rico • Foraker Act- law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico • Puerto Rico had been under direct US military rule • Act authorized the US president to appoint a governor and part of the legislature

19. US in Latin America • President Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across isthmus of Panama • Would provide a shorter route between Atlantic and Pacific • Make shipping faster • Ease naval transportation • 1st tried to purchase land from Columbia (owned Panama at the time) • Columbia would not sell

20. Panama Canal • America started revolt for Panamanian Independence • Gave aid to Panamanians • Angered many Americans • US paid Panama $10 million for the canal zone, leased land for $250,000 each year for 99 years • US paid Columbia $25 million for lost territory • Opens in 1914 (as war breaks out)

21. US Acquires Alaska • William Seward, Sec. Of State under Lincoln and Andrew Johnson was a big supporter of imperialism • In 1867, Seward arranged for the US to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million • Some people thought it was silly and called it “Seward's icebox” or “Seward's folly” • Alaska didn’t become a state until 1959 • Alaska was rich in timber, minerals and oil

22. Hawaii • Important stepping stone to Asia • Overthrew Queen Liliuokalani • Annexed in 1898 • Became the 50th state in 1959

23. An Open Door to China • European nations and the US were interested in creating “spheres of influence”- areas of economic and political control (by an outside pwr) in China • Britain, France, Germany, and Russia had carved China into spheres of influence to avoid competing for trade • Threatened to limit US trade in China

24. Leave the Door Open • John Hay (US Sec of State) proposed the Open Door Policy to keep trade open for the Americans who were too late to the party • Favored open trade relations between China and other nations • Would ensure that the US would have equal access to China’s consumers • Rejected by many European counties

25. Boxer Rebellion • Presence of foreigners caused resentment and some in China joined secret societies • Celebrated traditional customs and criticized western ways • One society (the Boxers) killed foreign missionaries in May 1900 and more violence broke out • Prompted the gov’ts of Europe and America to send troops to stop the rebellion • Fueled Chinese nationalism

26. Imperialism Policies • Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy” • Creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America’s goals • Roosevelt Corollary- 1904 extension of Monroe Doctrine • Asserted the right of the US to intervene in Latin American nations • US became an “International police force” (TR) • Steps in when countries seem unstable • “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

27. Imperialism Policies continued • Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy- “Substituting dollars for bullets” • Not as aggressive as TR • Worked to maintain the open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America • Encouraged American investments abroad to maintain order • Pay off countries debts to Europe to remove European threats • Didn’t always have the best results

28. Imperialism Policies continued • Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy • The US would not use force to assert influence on the world but would instead promote human rights • Attempted to change the direction of foreign policy instead of seeking additional territories • Still forced to use military in some areas

29. Happy Tuesday!!! • You had no homework!!! • Did you know: Giraffes are unable to cough

30. Imperialism and WWI US Involvement in WWI

31. Causes of WWI (1914-1918) • Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism • Militarism- During the 1800s militarism had increased around the world, making nations eager to use military force. Most nations had built massive armies and navies with the latest technology. Britain and Germany had the biggest arms race. • Alliances- Europe was made up of a system of alliances that kept the balance of power in Europe. Nations agreed to defend each other if attacked. This meant that a war between two nations could escalate into a global conflict.

32. Causes Continued • Imperialism- The European powers, Russia and Japan competed from economic power in the 1800s. France and Germany competed for colonial gain in Africa, while Britain and Germany competed industrially. • Because of their mutual competition with Germany, Britain and France formed close ties with each other. • Nationalism- Aggressive nationalism was the source of tension throughout Europe. Many French people wanted to take revenge against Germany and regain Alsace and Lorraine. Because of nationalism, the region of the Balkans was known as the “powder keg” of Europe.

33. Nationalism Definition • Devotion to the interest in your own country

34. The War Begins~ The Spark • Not surprisingly, WWI began in Bosnia, which was the heart of the ethnically diverse Balkan power keg. Although inhabited by many Serbs, Bosnia was not ruled by Serbia, but by Austria. • When Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, traveled through Bosnia in June 1914, he was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavirilo Princip. The assassination of Ferdinand is known as the “spark” that started the Great War.

35. German War Plan- Schlieffen Plan • Germany was faced with a two front war in 1914, with Russia to the east and France to the west. German army general Schlieffen organized a battle plan designed to take on both France and Russia. • The idea was to quickly defeat France first, and the defeat the Russians. German generals predicted Russia would be slow to mobilize due to a lack of industrialization and a shortage of railroads.

36. German War Plan continued • In order for the plan to work, German armies had to march through neutral Belgium, which was protected by Great Britain. Once Germany invaded Belgium, GB declared war. • Just as planned, Germany swept through Belgium. However, Russia mobilized much quicker than expected. To fight the Russians, Germany had to divert some of its forces to the east, which weakened their forces on the western front.

37. Horrors of War • Trench Warfare led to all types of new horrors on and off the battlefield. Many soldiers suffered from shell shock (combination of lack of sleep and the horrible conditions). • The trenches were filthy; infested with rats, polluted water, gas, dead bodies. Men would now be at risk of trench foot from standing in cold, damp mud and not changing socks

39. Wilson Urges Neutrality • Officially the US remained neutral and preferred to maintain their tradition of isolation from European disputes. • Cultural Ties- the US had more similarities with the Allies than with the Central Powers (Allies: GB, FR, Russia (kinda), IT----- Central: Germ, Aust-Hung, Ottoman Empire)

40. Neutrality Gives Way to War • In 1917, the neutral United States declared war on Germany for several reasons: • Unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany began sinking allied ships by using its U-Boats, or submarines. • Lusitania- the Germans sunk the large ocean liner, and did not halt unrestricted submarine warfare • Americans on board

42. 3. Zimmerman Note- The British intercepted a message from Arthur Zimmermann, the German Foreign Minister, to his ambassador in Mexico • Zimmermann asked for Mexican support and promised that in return Germany would help Mexico conquer New Mexico, Texas and Arizona • Historical Significance: These 3 actions by Germany made it so Wilson could no longer call for peace.

43. America Mobilizes for War • When the US entered WWI, the U.S. Army was only a fraction of the size of European armies. President Wilson encouraged Americans to volunteer for service and pushed Congress to pass the Selective Service Act (military draft) • 24 million registered for the draft and 3 million were drafted. • 500,000 women joined the workforce for the first time • 400,000 African Americans left the rural South for industrial jobs in the North

44. War Industries Board • The WIB was headed up by Bernard M. Baruch. The WIB encouraged factories to use mass production techniques to increase efficiency and set price controls on products. • Effect of the WIB: Wages went up but the cost of living went way up because of the rising cost of food and housing.

45. Committee on Public Information • Propaganda department headed by George Creel. The CPI designed, printed and distributed millions of posters that dramatized the needs of America and its allies. • Creel and the CPI’s job was to combine education and widespread advertising to “sell America”. The CPI also stressed the cruelty and wickedness of the enemy (specifically Germany)

46. CPI Continued • Creel and the CPI conducted the greatest sales job ever! Governments were left to find ways to make the war popular for their citizens- besides songs they also used art. Propaganda posters were widespread and targeted all sorts of groups. • Effects of CPI- new policies • Work or Fight! • “Sweetless, Meatless, Wheatless, and Heatless” • Victory Gardens