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The Jefferson Years

Explore the era when Thomas Jefferson's presidency shifted power to the agrarian South & West, facing domestic and foreign challenges. Witness the Louisiana Purchase, Native American conflicts, and the rise of the War Hawks.

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The Jefferson Years

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  1. The Jefferson Years

  2. Jeffersonian Democracy • A. Until masses could be educated, political rule needed to be entrusted to agrarian aristocracy. • B. Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted regional power to South and West from mercantile aristocracy of Northeast

  3. I. Jeffersonian Democracy (cont) • C. Jefferson's views: • 1) Faith in the perfectibility of man • 2) Insistence on strong local governments • 3) Each generation should remake its laws to stimulate democracy

  4. The Northwest Territory

  5. II. Native American Affairs • A. As Americans move west, they are encroaching on Native American lands. • 1) This leads to conflicts, including several battles • 2) The British maintain forts in this “Northwest Territory” which was not part of the United States

  6. II. Native American Affairs (cont) • B. Battles with the Miami Confederacy in the areas around Ohio • 1) Indians led by Little Turtle and supplied by the British • 2) Third American attempt led by General “Mad” Anthony Wayne

  7. B. Miami Confederacy (cont) • 3) Little Turtle is replaced with another leader, fight the Battle of Fallen Timbers • 4) Battle results in strong American victory • 5) Leads to the surrender of the Miami Confederacy and their lands

  8. III. Domestic Problems • A. Midnight judges & judicial review • 1) Marbury and 15 other Federalist judges were appointed as Adams' term expired. • 2) John Marshall rejected their claim, contending that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. • a) Victory for DRs--Federalists ousted • b) Victory for Federalists--greatly expanded power of Supreme Court by establishing precedent of court ruling laws unconstitutional.

  9. III. Domestic Problems (cont) • B. Burr Conspiracy • 1) Federalists seek his election as New York governor to attempt secession from Union. Hamilton opposes plan. • 2) Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in duel • 3) Burr moves west to avoid prosecution and conspires with Wilkinson, the military governor of Louisiana, to establish a western nation with British help • 4) Wilkinson betrayed Burr and arrested him for treason. A jury found Burr not guilty, but sectional tensions persisted.

  10. IV. Foreign Problems • A. Louisiana Purchase • 1) France acquires Louisiana from Spain in 1801 and restricts American access to New Orleans • 2) Jefferson sent agents in Paris to purchase New Orleans. • 3) Short on cash and faltering in an invasion of Haiti, Napoleon offers entire territory for $15 million

  11. Louisiana Purchase Map

  12. A. Louisiana Purchase (cont) • 4) Jefferson's vision of an American continent outweighed his belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Louisiana Territory was added to the U.S. • 5) Two expeditions sent out to explore new land: • a) Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (1804-6) ascended Missouri river to its source, and then crossed the Rockies to the Pacific. • b) Zebulon Pike (1805) explored headwaters of Mississippi and southern Rocky Mountains.

  13. IV. Foreign Problems (cont) • B. Conflict over neutral rights • 1) British and French ships seized American cargoes and sailors • 2) Jefferson responded with Embargo Act that prohibited all American trade with foreign ports • a) Greatly harmed American shipping • b) Jefferson became object of hate in New England • 3) Non-intercourse Act replaced Embargo Act • a) Reopened trade with all nations except England and France • b) Provided for re-opening of trade with England and France if interference ended

  14. IV. Foreign Problems (cont) • C. Western demands for war. Reasons for western pressure • 1) Depression in Ohio Valley • 2) Desire for land in Canada and Florida • a) Future fur-trading • b) Region needed for expansion of settlers

  15. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy • A. Tecumseh was a Shawnee Chief aided by his brother The Prophet • 1) Together led a reform movement to cast off all white influences from Shawnee culture • 2) Believed that the best way to resist American encroachment into Indian lands was to form a Confederacy • 3) They sought aid from the British in order to prepare for inevitable war with the Americans • 4) Went around Ohio trying to convince tribes not to sell lands to the Americans

  16. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont) • B. The Battle of Tippecanoe • 1) Fought in November of 1811 between the Confederacy and General William Henry Harrison • a) Strong American victory, destroying the Confederacy • b) Harrison burned the Shawnee capitol of Prophetstown • 2) British arms discovered after the battle

  17. V. The Tecumseh Confederacy (cont) • C. The War Hawks • 1) A group of young, southern and western Congressman began to cry for war with Great Britain • 2) War Hawks claimed that the British were trying to convince the Indians to fight against the U.S.’s Westward growth • 3) Led by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY they rallied behind the motto “On to Canada”

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