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Application of Computer Graphics and Animation Using C++ Language.

This guide delves into the application of computer graphics and animation using C++. It covers essential topics such as interrupts and registers, including hardware and software interrupts. The content elaborates on how to handle DMA, pointers, and data structures while plotting fundamental geometric shapes like lines, rectangles, circles, and polygons. Additionally, it explains generating interrupts through proper identification of interrupt numbers and utilizing registers for data management in graphics programming, paving the way for efficient, dynamic animation techniques.

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Application of Computer Graphics and Animation Using C++ Language.

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  1. Application of Computer Graphics and Animation Using C++ Language.

  2. Contents • Interrupts & Registers & • DMA & Pointers • Plotting Pixel • Line / Rectangle / Polygon • Circle / Arc • Ellipse • Fill

  3. Interrupt It is a request generated by • Processor for peripheral devices OR • by peripheral devices for processor._____________________________________________ • Dos identifies these interrupts by interrupt No. & there are total 256 Interrupts under DOS • Windows call these interrupts as API’s. & there are unlimited API’s under Windows. _____________________________________________ Software Interrupts Software requests to hardware (21h). Hardware Interrupts Processor’s request to Hardware (0~6h) BIOS Interrupts Monitors, Keyboards other Basic Hardware.

  4. Generating an Interrupt The generation of an interrupt requires following things to take care. Interrupt No : To generate or call an interrupt we must first know what is its Interrupt No. Most common Interrupt No’s are as below.Timer: 8h Keyboard: 9h VGA: 10h Hard Disk: 13h DOS: 21h Mouse: 33h Service No:It is the no related to a function to be performed by that interrupted device. i.e. different VGA service no’s. Move Cursor: 2 Change Cursor:1 Get Cursor: 3

  5. Registers • Scratch Pads • General Purpose • Temporary data storage • Calculation Purpose • Built in Processor • Address registers • Flags • Parameters & Returns of Interrupts

  6. Interrupts & Registers • The Parameters of an interrupt called are passed through general purpose registers. • AX, BX, CX, DX • 2Byte Structure • AH-AL, BH-BL, CH-CL, DH-DL • Each sharing 1 byte from a register • The Data storing and retrieving is dependent AH 8 Bits AL 8 Bits AX 16 Bits Register

  7. Using Registers in C++ • Data Structure like Registers • “struct” and “union” • “struct” is group of data sturtures • “union” is “struct”, and it shares mem • Register’s structure is composed of a Union and two structures

  8. REGS • union REGS { struct WORDREGS x; struct BYTEREGS h; }; • struct BYTEREGS { unsigned char al, ah, bl, bh; unsigned char cl, ch, dl, dh; }; • struct WORDREGS { unsigned int ax, bx, cx, dx; unsigned int si, di, cflag, flags; }; REGS.h.ah (8 Bits) REGS.h.al REGS.x.ax 16 Bits

  9. Calling Interrupt • Int86(int intno, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs); • Copies the Register Values from REGS Union to Registers • Calls the interrupt • Copies the Register Values from Registers to Union

  10. Rules • Better to use Hexadecimal No as interrupt no/ service no. • The Service no is placed in ah register always • Other registers are used as parameter registers • After the calling these registers are used as return registers.

  11. DMA & Pointers • Memory is directly Accessed • Specific Solution • Difficult • Fast • Pointers Used • More Technical / Mathematical

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