Energy Conservation

Energy Conservation For Consumers, and large electric systems BY KHALED M.ABO-AL-EZ 3204220 PhD student ECE dept UNB

Overview • What is Energy Conservation? • Energy Conservation at the consumer side • Energy Conservation by solving power system problems using artificial intelligence techniques

Energy Conservation & Energy Efficiency • Reduce energy demand to reasonable minimum • Recover and re-use heat where possible • Use energy efficient equipment to supply remaining energy demand • Integrate energy systems where possible • Provide a means to manage use of energy • intelligent computer driven systems in the area of energy conservation of electric networks

How can energy efficiency be achieved or improved at the consumer side? • ‘Good Housekeeping’ in facility operations (for example the laundry machines with single phase motors which can be used as 3 phase and save a lot of energy) • Location, Design & Construction of energy saving devices. • Application of Technology • Designed-in for new-build facilities • Retro- / Refitting & refurbishment at added cost

Controls Lighting Technology Ventilation Systems Heating Systems Heat Recovery Insulation Pool Covers Dehumidification Building energy Management Systems (BEMS) Energy efficiency technology at the consumer side

Controls Payback < 1 yr • Occupancy sensors • Time switches & Optimizers • Timed control of heat demand & plant • Optimizer controls running time in relation to internal and external temperature • Thermostatic heating controls • Heating plant and radiator valves • Humidistat • Pool hall ventilation efficiency

Lighting Savings 8-50% Payback 1-6 yrs • Appropriate use of: • Tungsten filament lights – low-use areas • compact fluorescents – general areas • Tungsten halogen spotlights – display areas • Narrow diameter tubular fluorescents – corridors, staff areas • High pressure sodium floodlights – pool & sports halls (nb colour appearance) • Electronic starters • Reflectors

Ventilation & Heating Savings Up to 20% Payback 3-5 yrs • Medium to high investment required • Variable ventilation • in relation to acceptable humidity levels (<65%) • 100% fresh air or Partial recirculation • The pros & cons? • Heat recovery applications • Variable speed fans (supply / extract) • High efficiency & condensing boilers • Modular boilers • Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Heat Recovery Savings 20-40% Payback 3-5 yrs • Run Around Coils • Versatile & suits retro-fit • Recovers up to 60% heat energy • Cross Flow Heat Exchangers • Ventilation or water applications • Up to 75% heat recovery • Thermal Wheels • Ventilation applications • Recovers up to 75% of heat

Building Fabric & Insulation • Roof space reduction • Choice and position of glazing to minimise solar gain • Double glazing of windows to reduce heat loss • Thermal insulation of roof and wall spaces • Thermal insulation of pipe work & ducting

Pool Covers • Medium level of investment costs • Reduce convective and evaporative heat loss • Allow ventilation to be reduced • Combined with humidistat to enhance efficiency Savings 10-30% Payback 1.5 – 3 yrs

Dehumidification Savings Up to 40% Payback 3 – 5 yrs • (electric) Heat pumps • Collects sensible & latent heat as water first evaporates and then condenses, using reduced pressure and temperature • Transfers heat to incoming air • (gas-powered) Desiccant wheel • Absorbs moisture on ‘honeycomb matrix’,later evaporated & discharged to atmosphere • Reduces need to ventilate

Building Energy Management System • High investment costs • Central processor linked to sensors and controls around the building • Flow sensors • Temperature sensors • Operator-programmed & interactive • Seasonal and other ‘strategies’ for energy management • Reports aid monitoring and control • Requires training and technical support

INTELLIGENT SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CONSERVATION PROBLEMS OF THE ELECTIC NETWORKS • Energy Conservation has become an important problem during the last years, in most of the countries. • The general belief is that it is economically better to reduce energy loss and waste than increasing costs in generation and transmission systems.

AI Techniques • Energy conservation is at the same time a technical and a conscience problem. • At the technical side, a number of problems can be successfully approached through intelligent systems for the purposes of energy management and conservation. Intelligent Techniques are having a growing impact on the electricity sector.

Intelligent System Applications in the electricity sector for electrical energy management and conservation • A new generation of intelligent computing techniques is entering the electricity sector. • These techniques include neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and expert systems. • In the electricity sector, intelligent techniques are being applied to : • load forecasting, • optimal capacitor placement, • economic load dispatch… etc, and in many cases are outperforming traditional methods.

The areas of electricity sector for electrical energy management and conservation

Intelligent Techniques and their properties

Conclusions • Energy conservation should be a priority for everyone nowadays. • For large organizations, electrical energy savings are even more relevant because their bills are bigger and their usage is greater. • Finding ways to deal smartly with facilities and household equipments will have a great impact in Houses and buildings. • The effects of these intelligent computer driven systems will • The effect of AI methods will soon become clear in the area of energy conservation as they become commercial products.

References: • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy • hes.lbl.gov • Figueredo, et. al., Intelligent Solutions to Energy Conservation Problems, http://www.ica.ele.puc/rio.br/publicacoes

Energy Conservation