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WORLD WAR ONE. The European War. Causes of WWI. Imperialism-contest for colonies Nationalism- compositeness between nations and different ethnic groups Militarism- development of armed forces and their use for diplomacy Secret Alliances. What was the SPARK?. SPARK.
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WORLD WAR ONE The European War
Causes of WWI • Imperialism-contest for colonies • Nationalism- compositeness between nations and different ethnic groups • Militarism- development of armed forces and their use for diplomacy • Secret Alliances
SPARK • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary • Killed by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
Taking Sides • Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Russia • Serbia Eventually the U.S. entered on the Allied side • Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire
New Weapons to WWI • Tank • Submarine • Airplane • Machine Gun • Chemical Weapons – Mustard Gas Baron von Richthofen
Trench Warfare • “Over the top” • “No man’s land” • "Shell Shock" • "The Lost Generation"
British used propaganda to convince Americans that Germany committed evil war atrocities, like raping women and killing children in Belgium
American Economic Interests • British blockade did not hurt U.S. trade • Br./Fr. $824 mil. in 1914 to $3.2 bil. in 1916 • Bankers loaned the Allies 3 billion dollars • Ger. $169 mil. in 1914 to $1 mil. in 1916 • the U.S. prospered
U.S. Neutrality in WWI • Wilson issued a “Proclamation of Neutrality” • "There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight; there is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right."--Speech in Philadelphia, May 10, 1915
Central Powers protest trade Technically trade did not violate international neutrality laws Germany free to trade with the US, but cannot b/c of the British Navy's blockade 500,000 Germans die of starvation
Submarine – U-Boat • German advantage • disrupted allied trade • angered the U.S. • Unterseeboot, which means "undersea boat
Lusitania • British passenger liner, was sunk off coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915 • 1,198 lives lost including 128 Americans • carrying 4,200 cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact that the Germans used for sinking the ship • Germany refused to apologize; U-boat commander glorified in Germany. • Significance: American public opinion turned against Germany; perhaps beginning of U.S. road to entry into the war • In response, Wilson attempted to sternly warn Germans against further aggression Only 6/48 Lifeboats lowered
Many popular magazines ran photographs of the medal, and it was falsely claimed that it had been awarded to the crew of the U-boat A fabricated story was circulated that in some regions of Germany, schoolchildren were given a holiday to celebrate the sinking of the Lusitania
Sussex Pledge • March 1916, Germany torpedoed a French passenger steamer, the Sussex • Ship damaged but not sunk; 80 casualties including four Americans • Wilson told Germany that unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations--a prelude to war • Germany’s response: • Reluctantly, agreed not to sink passenger & merchant ships without warning. • However, U.S. would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Germany saw as an illegal blockade. • Thus, Wilson’s diplomatic victory precarious as Germany could renounce its agreement at any time if the blockade continued to inflict damage on her.
1916 Election Woodrow Wilson: He kept us out of war!
#1 Cause of War: Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 All ships would be sunk including American ships Used their Sussex pledge to justify policy as U.S. had not persuaded Allies to stop "illegal" blockade. Germans believed U.S. would enter the war too late.
The Zimmerman Telegram • Intercepted by British intelligence • German plot to draw Mexico into war against the U.S. • Pledged to return lost territory from the Mexican American War if attacked the US
American Idealism • “the war to end all wars” • “the world must be made safe for democracy” • War Goal: enter the war to be in the position to negotiate a just peace
How did the US hope to control the peace process after the war?
Wilson’s Fourteen Points of Peace 1. open diplomacy 2. freedom of the seas 3. free trade 4. arms reduction 5. self-determination 6-13. change of Europe’s boundaries 14. League of Nations- body of collective security Goal: To make the Great War “the war to end all wars”
Debate “The United States entered the First World War not ‘to make the world safe for democracy’, as President Wilson claimed, but to safeguard American economic interests.”
“The US entered WWI to protect US economic interests” $ • Nye Committee • War a global imperialist fight to extend capitalism, SPAM Imperialism • Socialist, Eugene Debs • Red Scare, Communism in Russia • Need to prevent dissent during the war, Espionage and Sedition Acts • Need to have a draft, propaganda • Zinn Reading and all the documents- John Reed- Whose War? And Eugene Debs Anti-War Speech Democracy • Wilson’s 14 points • Moral Diplomacy • Unrestricted U-Boat warfare • Freedom of the seas, violation of international law • Make the world safe democracy • German war atrocities • Zimmerman Telegram
U.S. Home Front – The Draft • Americans did not rush to enlist • First 6 weeks, need 1,000,000, 73,000 volunteered • Congress voted for a draft • Selective Service Act, 1917 • All men between the ages of 21 and 31 to register for military service • 3 million men were drafted • 300,000 men evaded the draft • 4,000 men were conscientious objectors
U.S. Home Front – AEF • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) • Newly raised army to be sent to Europe • led by General John J. Pershing
U.S. Home Front • Paying for the War • 1/3 by taxes • 2/3 by loans/bonds • Liberty Loans encouraged public support for the war
Home Front Economic Regulation Centralized Planning, Socialism? • Fuel Administration • Railroad War Board • War Industries Board • Food Administration
War Industries Board • Bernard Baruch • Purpose: to coordinate the mobilization of American industry • Activities: • allocated scarce resources • controlled raw materials • converted factories • set prices • forced businesses to comply
Food Administration • Herbert Hoover • purpose: to increase food production and to conserve food • slogans • “Serve Just Enough” • “Wheatless Mondays” • “Meatless Tuesdays” • “Don’t Waste It”
How did the Great War open up opportunities for minorities?Great Black Migration Thousands of African Americans in the South migrated northern cities, like Chicago, to work in war-related factories Effect: Race riots occurred in 26 cities W.E.B. Du Bois supported the war effort and hoped a victory would improve life for blacks in a democracy. Led to the New Negro of the 1920’s and the Harlem Renaissance
