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Tongue Stones

Tongue Stones. An Evolution Story Told by Patrick Staley. Presentation Outline. Legend to Science Why Use Tongue Stones to Study Evolution Parts and Features Environment Specific Evolutionary Lines. Magical Properties. Counter-Act Toxins Snake Bite Dip in Wine . Folklore.

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Tongue Stones

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  1. Tongue Stones An Evolution Story Told by Patrick Staley

  2. Presentation Outline • Legend to Science • Why Use Tongue Stones to Study Evolution • Parts and Features • Environment • Specific Evolutionary Lines

  3. Magical Properties • Counter-Act Toxins • Snake Bite • Dip in Wine

  4. Folklore • Eerily well-polished when dug up • Petrified tongues of serpents, a creature associated with the devil. • Medieval practice to dip a tonguestone in a glass of wine.

  5. Japanese Legend • Thumbnails of Tengu Man, a mythical mountain goblin with a Pinnochio-like long nose.

  6. More Legends • Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79), a great Roman naturalist, believed that they fell from the sky during lunar eclipses.

  7. Saint Paul on Malta • Many tongue stones on Malta • Saint Paul shipwrecked on Malta in AD60. • Saint Paul was bitten by a snake. • Turned the tongues of serpents into stone.

  8. Nicholas Steno • In 1666 fishermen caught a giant shark. • The local duke ordered that this curiosity be sent to Ncholas Steno. • Steno is an anatomist. • Steno dissected the shark. • The shark teeth resembled tongue stones. • Paleontology is Born.

  9. Steno’s Shark Head Drawing

  10. In 1666 Who Thought • Living matter could be turned to stone • Encased in solid rock • Rocks well above sea level • Marine organisms on dry land

  11. Abundance of Sharks’ Teeth Fossils? • Soft Tissue vs. Bone • Getting Buried • Time (400 million years) • Opportunity (35,000 teeth per shark)

  12. Teeth per Shark • Sharks continually shed their teeth, and some can shed as many as 35,000 teeth in a lifetime.

  13. Shark Dentition • Embedded in Flesh • Constant Replacement • Files and Rows of Teeth

  14. Parts of a Shark’s Tooth • Root • Crown • Dental Band • Cusplets • Serrations • Striations

  15. Other Features • Nutrient Grove • Nutrient Foramen • Longitudinal Ridges • Crown Tip • Crown Notch • Crown Shoulder

  16. Sides of a Shark’s Tooth • Lingual • Labial • Mesial • Distal

  17. Dentition by Location • Upper or Lower • Anterior • Lateral • Posterior • Intermediate • Symphseal

  18. Cenozoic Evolution of the Large Sharks • Climatic Context • Geographic Context

  19. Cenozoic Global Temperature

  20. Polar Ice Earth

  21. Global Geography • Cretaceous • Eocene • Recurring Ice Ages

  22. Great White Line • Carcharodon carcharias • Isurus hastalis • Isurus planus • Isurus desori

  23. Carcharocles megalodon • Cretolamna appendiculata • Odotus obliquus • Carcharocles auriculatus • Carcharocles angustidens • Carcharocles megalodon

  24. megalodon intermediates • Odotus aksuaticus • Odotus chubutensis

  25. megalodon side branches • Paleocarcharodon orientalis • Carcharocles sokolovi • Parodotus benedeni

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