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Understanding Chemistry: Matter, Elements, and Reactions Explained

Dive into the foundational concepts of chemistry, exploring what matter is, the characteristics of elements, and how they interact through chemical reactions. This guide covers atomic structure, including electrons, protons, and neutrons, and delves into the periodic table's significance, detailing elements such as oxygen, silicon, and argon. Learn about molecules, chemical formulas, and types of reactions like synthesis and decomposition. Enhance your understanding of how different elements combine and change in nature, laying a solid groundwork for further studies in chemical sciences.

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Understanding Chemistry: Matter, Elements, and Reactions Explained

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  1. chemistry • what it’s made up of • its characteristics • how it reacts with other matter the study of matter

  2. matter anything that takes up space and has mass

  3. element a substance that is made up of only one kind of atom

  4. electron neutron proton Atomic Structure electron neutron proton

  5. - electron + proton Atomic Structure electron neutron proton

  6. neutron N Atomic Structure electron neutron proton

  7. 10 P 14 P 10 N 14 N Silicon Neon

  8. 1 P 3 P 0 N 4 N Hydrogen Lithium

  9. 8N 8P Oxygen 8 Protons 8 Neutrons

  10. 22N 18P Argon 18 Protons 22 Neutrons

  11. nucleus neutron N + proton Atomic Structure nucleus

  12. atomic mass # of protons + # of neutrons atomic mass

  13. Florine 9 protons + 10 neutrons 19 (atomic mass)

  14. Radium 226.03 atomic mass - atomic number -88.00 138.03 # of neutrons 138 neutrons

  15. Shell first shell only holds two electrons second shell holds up to eight electrons outer shells hold even more electrons

  16. Francium 87 P 136 N

  17. + + + + + + + + Atomic Number the number of protons in the nucleus

  18. Oxygen O Atomic Number • whole number • represents only one thing 8 15.99

  19. Oxygen O Atomic Number Atomic Mass # of protons # of protons + # of neutrons 8 15.99 8 15.99

  20. atomic number chemical symbol of element 8 Oxygen O name of element 15.99 atomic mass

  21. Periodic Table of the Elements IA VIIIA 1 IIA IVA VIIA VA IIIA VIA 2 3 VIIIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB 4 5 6 7

  22. IA VIIIA 11 14 15 18 17 12 13 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VA VIA VIIA IIIA IIA IVA Phosphorus Argon Sodium Aluminum Sulfur Magnesium Silicon Chlorine Mg Al Si P Ar Na S Cl IVB VIIB IIIB IB IIB VB VIB VIIIB 1 Periodic Table of the Elements Periods 2 3 4 5 6 7

  23. 2 1 1 Helium Hydrogen He H 2P 2N 1P 0N Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  24. 9 Fluorine F 17 Chlorine Cl 35 Bromine Br 53 Iodine I 85 Astatine At IA IIA IIIA VIA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA Periodic Table of the Elements Groups or Families VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 Elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties. 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  25. 87 1 Francium Hydrogen Fr H 1 P 0 N IA Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  26. 16 8 Oxygen Sulfur O S Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA VIA VIA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  27. 14 Silicaon Si 32 Germanium Ge 33 5 Arsenic As Boron 51 B Antimony Sb 52 85 Tellurium Astatine Te At Periodic Table of the Elements Categories VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  28. Alkali metals Semi-metals, or metalloids Transition metals Nonmetals Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  29. 14 Silicaon Si 32 Germanium Ge 33 5 Arsenic As Boron 51 B Antimony Sb Semi-metals, or metalloids 52 85 Tellurium Astatine Te At Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  30. molecule a group of atoms that join together

  31. Compound When different types of atoms are joined together a chemical change or chemical reaction occurs.

  32. chemical formula the chemical symbols and numbers that show the elements that make up a compound

  33. H2O 2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen Numbers are written as a subscript. Sugar cane: C12H22O11 H2O

  34. Sugar Cane C12H22O11 12 Carbon + 22 Hydrogen + 11 Oxygen

  35. o c o Carbon Dioxide 2 CO2 1 Carbon + 2 Oxygen If there is no subscript, then only one atom of the element is present. number of atoms of that element in the molecule

  36. Hydrochloric Acid HCl + 1 Hydrogen 1 Chlorine

  37. Laughing Gas N20 2 Nitrogen + 1 Oxygen

  38. Lye NaOH 1 Sodium + 1 Oxygen + 1 Hydrogen

  39. Ammonia 1 Nitrogen + 3 Hydrogen N H 3

  40. Chalk 1 Calcium + 1 Carbon + 3 Oxygen Ca C O 3

  41. Carbonic Acid H2CO3 1 Carbon 3 Oxygen 2 Hydrogen 12 Carbon 22 Hydrogen 11 Oxygen Cane Sugar C12H22O11 9 Carbon 8 Hydrogen 4 Oxygen Aspirin C9H8O4 Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon

  42. Aspirin C9H8O4 9 8 4 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen + 21 Atoms

  43. Synthesis • substances combine CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

  44. Decomposition • compounds break apart C12H22O11 + 12O2 → 11H2O + 12CO2

  45. Single Replacement • One element replaces another. Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl + H2

  46. Double Replacement • Two elements switch places. AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

  47. F B Boron 3 electrons in outer shell Fluorine 7 electrons in outer shell

  48. Ne • Neon • 8 electrons in the outer shell • Outer shell is full or closed.

  49. 2 Helium He 10 Neon Ne 18 Argon Ar 36 Krypton Kr 54 Xenon Xe 86 Radon Rn VIIIA Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA IA 1 IVA VIIA IIIA IIA VIA VA 2 3 IB IIB IVB VIIB VB IIIB VIB VIIIB 4 5 6 7

  50. covalent bond occurs when atoms share pairs of electrons

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