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Review Mid-Term Exam

Review Mid-Term Exam. The Solar System consists of. 8 classical planets 5 dwarf planets 240 known satellites (moons) Millions of comets and asteroids Countless particles; and interplanetary space. .

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Review Mid-Term Exam

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  1. ReviewMid-Term Exam

  2. The Solar System consists of • 8 classical planets • 5 dwarf planets • 240 known satellites (moons) • Millions of comets and asteroids • Countless particles; and interplanetary space. Earth, the Sun, and other objects in the Solar System originated at the same time from the same source and have evolved in varying ways since then.

  3. Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and Oort Cloud

  4. Nebula Collapse and Condensation Rotation started by shockwaves from a nearby explosion (?) Because the solar nebula was rotating, it contracted into a disc, and the planets formed with orbits lying in nearly the same plane.

  5. Planetesimal accretion - ~5 to 4.6 billion yrs ago

  6. “Hadean Era” In time EARTH’S interior accumulated heat New atmosphere created by volcanic outgassing and delivery of gases and water by ice-covered comets.

  7. Earth Developed a Magma Sea 4.5-4.0 billion years ago • Early Earth began to heat as the last extraterrestrial collisions subsided • Rock is a good insulator – stores heat • Collisions produced heat that was stored • Radioactivity • Gravitational contraction What is the physical consequence of melting a ball of rock with many different types of elements and compounds?

  8. Fe/Ni Increasing Fe toward core Fe/Mg Increasing Si toward surface There are certain trends in Earths chemistry. The crust is relatively depleted in Fe, Mg and enriched in Si, O

  9. Convergent Divergent Transform Main Types of Plate Motion

  10. Plate Tectonics explains • chains of volcanic islands • Hot Spots

  11. Lithospheric Plates Carry Continents and Oceans.

  12. ARockis a solid aggregate of minerals. Four different minerals are obvious in this piece of Granite.

  13. Atomsare the smallest components of nature with the properties of a given substance. • Electrons (negative charge) • Protons (positive charge) • Neutrons (no charge)

  14. Atoms bond to achieve a stable electron configuration. Most atoms bond to achieve 8 electrons in the outer shell - the so-called “Octet Rule”

  15. Types of Silicate Structures Si2- O4+ Na+ Ca 2+ Al 3+ Fe 2+ (3+) Mg 2+ K + Metallic Cations

  16. Mg2+ Single Substitution Fe2+ Na+ Ca2+ Double Substitution Si4+ Al3+

  17. There are seven common rock-forming minerals. Amphibole Olivine Pyroxene Quartz The Feldspar Group Orthoclase and Plagioclase Biotite Calcite

  18. Igneous rock-forming environments

  19. The Igneous Minerals Granite Diorite Gabbro The Igneous Rocks Intrusive Extrusive Texture Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Peridotite FelsicIntermediate Mafic Ultramafic Composition

  20. Igneous rock is a ubiquitous component of Earth’s crust because it evolves as a product of tectonic processes.

  21. Hydrolysis, Oxidation, and Dissolution Are Chemical Weathering Processes. • Water molecule is polarized. • Attracts cations. • “Universal Solvent” • Hydrogen bond - polar

  22. Sedimentary Minerals Microcrystalline quartz (chert, agate, quartz) SiO2 Clay - kaolinite Calcite – CaCO3 Hematite/limonite Fe2O3 Granite – quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole Bauxite Al2O3 H2O Saprolite – quartz, clay, hematite, Al-oxide

  23. CLIMATE CRITICALin SOIL FORMATION Physical Weathering dominates in regions of low temperature and low rainfall. Chemical Weathering dominates in regions of high temperature and high rainfall.

  24. Weathering Produces Soil SOIL FORMATION influenced by: biological processes, nature of parent rock, climate, topography, and time.

  25. Which climate, weathering processes and soil profiles are likely in each of these five settings?

  26. There Are Three Common Types of Sediment: Clastic, Chemical, and Biogenic CLASTIC SEDIMENTS are broken pieces of crust deposited by water, wind, ice, or some other physical process

  27. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTS Produced by inorganic (nonbiological) precipitation of dissolved compounds (e.g., through evaporation) BIOGENIC SEDIMENTS Produced by organic (biological) precipitation of the remains of living organism

  28. Particle Size Reflects Environmental Energy

  29. breccia coal skeletal limestone chalk limestone SiO2 Iron oxide CaCO3 sandstone conglomerate shale chert

  30. … conveniently “indexed” by IndexMinerals

  31. Foliated vs Nonfoliated texture Shale is parent rock (protolith) Anthracite Hornfels Marble Quartzite

  32. Plate Movement Powers the Rock Cycle

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