1. Mid-Term Exam • Thursday, Feb. 16th (in class) • three sections (concise, brief written answers) • Part 1 Lectures – Bureaucracy and Democracy • one answer from choice of two questions • Part 2 Lectures – The Political-Bureaucratic Interface • one answer from choice of two questions • Part 3 Lectures – How the Bureaucracy Actually Works • one answer from choice of two questions

2. Cuban Missile Crisis • blockade... • Team 1, Team 3, Team 4, Team 5, Team 6, Team 7, Team 8 • blockade and surgical airstrike • Team 2 • What was the “essence” of the decision?

8. THE BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS MODEL How Bureaucracy REALLY Works... February 9, 2006

9. The Alternative Models (for understanding gov’t behavior): • the Rational-Unitary Actor Model • the Organizational Process Model • the Bureaucratic Politics Model

10. The Rational-Unitary Actor Model • government is a single, cohesive, coordinated entity • government identifies its interests/goals • options are considered on the basis of cost/benefits of each • final decision is based on optimizing between the government’s various interests/goals

17. The Organizational Process Model • government is made up of distinct organizations each with standard operating procedures and organizational capacities • government identifies its interests/goals • goals/interests are pursued by the various organizations – each according to its standard operating procedures and organizational capacities • what is actually done results from the interplay of these standard operating procedures and organizational capacities

19. The Bureaucratic Politics Model • government is made up of separate, distinct organizations • different organizations have different interests • based on professional norms • based on self-interest • government action is a resultant of the interplay between these forces • what gov’t does is -- most often -- different than what any particular actor wants • no single agent strong enough to dominate

20. “Essence of Decision” Explaining the US Response in the Cuban Missile Crisis

21. Rational-Unitary Actor Approach • Cuban Missile Crisis as “Hard Case” • Rational-Unitary Actor • identifies interests • considers options • Do Nothing • Diplomatic Pressure on Khruschev • Secret Approach to Castro • Invasion • Air Strike • Blockade • chooses optimal option

22. Organizational Outputs • Date of Discovery -- October 14th • SOPs explain why not earlier or later • Range of Options • preferred option was airstrike • surgical airstrike not option • MRBM classified as “mobile” • MRBM reclassified as “moveable”

23. The Bureaucratic Politics Model • Date of Discovery • 10 day delay • Range of Options • the President • the Armed Forces • Air Force • Navy • the Secretary of Defense • the Outcome • blockade -- not the first choice of any one of the relevant actors