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Architecture: A Review

Architecture: A Review. Gothic versus Romanesque Architecture. Romanesque

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Architecture: A Review

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  1. Architecture: A Review

  2. Gothic versus Romanesque Architecture Romanesque • The earliest churches were based on Greek temples and Roman basilicas (secular government buildings); essentially there was a substitution of a church plan for a temple plan: colonnades were shifted from the interior to the exterior; an arch was placed directly on a pier instead of placing a lintel directly on a pier (column) • The classic temple is a system of sturdy walls and colonnades all helping to sustain a solid roof. A Romanesque church follows essentially the same principles, except that an arch is placed over the colonnades. • All the parts of a Romanesque building contribute their share to the stability of the whole. • The structure stands through virtue of inertia. Gothic • In a Gothic church the highly organized framework of piers, arches, and buttresses are organized so that the spaces of the wall and roof between them serve merely as an enclosure. • A Gothic church is a skillfully balanced systems of thrusts and counterthrusts that are concentrated on special points of support. • All the different levels of the church interior are brought into homogenous composition: great vaulting shafts that articulate the massive piers rise from the floor; at the clerestory level these shafts become more decorative than supportive and spring from corbels in order to trace the vaulting that articulates each bay. • Flying buttresses allowed the walls to be dissolved.

  3. Roman barrel vault The force lines converge at the point where the barrel vault springs from the wall. In order to support a heavy roof—one that is very wide--the walls of the nave would have to be very, very thick. Flying Buttress The lines of force created by the weight of the roof and the arches is redirected (or distributed) by the flying buttresses past the walls of the church to external piers (outside the child walls).As a result, windows can larger and the nave can be taller.

  4. floor planAbbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135 floor planAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

  5. Abbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

  6. Abbey Church of Sainte-FoyConques, France 1125-1135

  7. transept looking into the crossingAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

  8. standing on the steps of the choir looking into the apseAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

  9. looking down the nave toward the apseAmiens CathedralAmiens, France1220-1288

  10. Gothic Architecture

  11. Please explain: a. in which direction are you lookingb. through what part of the cathedral you are lookingc. what prominent architectural feature the master builder has used to unify this spaceRheims Cathedralbegun in 1211; almost “complete” by 1285

  12. What is the space delineated by E called?What is the space delineated by F called? What is the structural element labeled C called? What is the structural element labeled D called?

  13. This section of the naveis called?This section of the naveis called?This section of the naveis called?Amiens Cathedralbegun in 1220; almost “complete” by 1375

  14. Please describe what you are looking at.Try to use as many specific technical terms as you can.Rheims Cathedralbegun in 1211; almost “complete” by 1285

  15. Please describe what you are looking at.Make sure that you explain the structural purpose of this architectural feature.

  16. What is the name of this architectural feature? How are these different from the one shown in the previous slide?Notre Dame, Paris

  17. You are looking at the exterior of the nave.What language would you use to describe how the surface of the windows and the window frames has been highly decorated?Amiens Cathedralbegun in 1220; almost “complete” by 1375

  18. You are looking at the west façade.Why do you know that this façade is definitely “Gothic” and not “Romanesque?”Amiens Cathedralbegun in 1220; almost “complete” by 1375

  19. Why do you know that this west façade is definitely Romanesque?St Peter's Cathedral Angoulême,Charente, France

  20. This is a floor plan of a cathedral. Is this a Gothic cathedral? How can you tell?Cathédrale Saint-Lazare d’ Autun

  21. How can you tell that this plan represents a pilgrimage church?Plan of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

  22. How can you tell that this plan represents a Gothic cathedral?Which one?

  23. Florence Duomo • begun in 1296 • redesigned in 1357 and 1366 • drum and dome by Brunelleschi, 1420-1436 • a tall nave arcade; short clerestory with a single oculus in each bay, and no triforium • there are no flying buttresses—the wall began to crack in 1366—unsightly iron tie bars were installed

  24. Florence Duomobegun in 1296redesigned in 1357 and 1366drum and dome by Brunelleschi, 1420-1436

  25. Filippo Brunelleschi Dome of Florence Cathedral 1417-36

  26. Pisa Baptistry, Pisa Cathedral, Pisa Campanile

  27. Thinking About Renaissance Ideas

  28. What distinguishes Brunelleschi as an architect? What is the most marked characteristic of his artistic/architectural style?

  29. The Spedale degli Innocenti was a foundling children’s orphanage established in 1419 and designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. This Foundling Hospital is regarded as a prime example of early Italian Renissance architecture.Why? What do you see?

  30. Each bay of the arcade encloses a cube of space defined by the 10-braccia (20 foot) height of the columns and the diameter of the arches. • Hemispherical pendentive domes half as high as the columns cover the cubes

  31. The Guild of the Silk Manufacturers and Goldsmiths in Florence established this orphanage. Why does this building have a portico?

  32. What type of capital is on this column? What craftsman made the medallion? Out of what medium?

  33. The nocentini, or “little innocents”, were left at the doors of the hospital in the hopes that they would be able to sustain a better life in a time of severe economic destitution and social hardships. A unique rotating wheel system allowed parents to leave their children at the doors of the hospital without being seen. Parents could depend on this hospital to care for their newborns on either a permanent or a temporary basis.

  34. Many parents, though reluctant to give over their child, knew that they would be properly cared for at the hospital and hoped that one day they would be reunited. This anticipation of reunion can be seen in the many different types of jewelry that were broken in half, one piece left with the mother and the other given to her child, in the hopes that the two separated pieces would one day be whole again.

  35. What distinguishes Brunelleschi as an architect? What is the most marked characteristic of his artistic/architectural style? Rationality Mathematical Resolution Proportion Extreme Formalism and Balance--in other words: Classical Form

  36. Filippo Brunelleschi Dome of Florence Cathedral 1417-36

  37. Leon Battista Alberti Sant’Andrea, Mantua

  38. façade and interior of Church of Sant’AndreaLeon Battista Alberti

  39. façade of Church of Sant’AndreaLeon Battista Alberti

  40. Reconstruction of the Basilica of Maxentius Interior of Sant’Andrea

  41. Donato Bramante Tempietto 1502-1510

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