10 th Grade CATS Review

1. 10th Grade CATS Review Developed by the Dynamic Duo of Angela “The Personificator” Feltner and Karen “I’m Onomatpoeia’dOff”Lawson

2. Rules and Guidelines • You WILL be expected to take notes!!! • You WILL be expected to complete each activity. • You WILL be expected to complete each open response AND the graphic organizer. (Insert whines and groans!!! Get it out of your system!) • The final review exam will be 10% of your final 6 weeks grade.

3. Denotation and Connotation: what the heck is the difference?? Denotation is the word’s literal dictionary meaning. Connotation is the emotional impact you receive when reading a word/phrase. • Mary’s friends gasped when she showed her sparkling ring. • Mary’s friends gasped when she flaunted her sparkling ring.

4. Women perspire. • Men sweat. Now it’s your turn!!!

5. Connotation and Denotation Exercise A A.Gus cooked dinner for Merdine. He prepared some meat and vegetables and a special dessert.(1) Describe the meal that Gus prepared, making it sound appetizing by using words with favorable connotations.(2) Describe the meal again, this time using words with negative connotations to make it sound quite unappealing.

6. Connotation and Denotation Exercise B B.The person did not weigh very much. The person had brown hair and a small nose. The person wore informal clothing.(1) Identify and describe this particularly attractive person.(2) Identify and describe this particularly unattractive person.

7. Context Clues Context clues are a word or sentence that gives important hints about an unfamiliar word’s meaning. The following are the six types that you are most likely to encounter.

8. Six Types of Context Clues • Synonym – a word that means the same or almost the same as another word. • Antonym – a word that means the opposite of another word. • Restatement – uses an unfamiliar word in a different way. • Cause and effect – tells how something happens and what happened as a result. • Compare and contrast – tells how 2 or more things are alike or different. • Definition – tells what an unfamiliar word means.

9. Context Clues Exercise A 1.  Joan loves to buy exotic foods: vegetables and herbs from China, spices from India, olives from Greece, and cheeses from France. A. expensiveB. seasoningsC. Rare D. from  other places 2.  Emotionally disturbed people may be troubled by morbidthoughts. For instance, they may often think about suicide or murder. A. disturbingB. dealing with deathC. psychologically illD. scary 3.  At first, the surgery seemed to be successful. But several hours later, the patient’s condition began to deteriorate, and it continued to worsen over the next few days. A. Stabilize B. Surprise everyone C. changeD. decay or decline

10. Context Clues Exercise B (Now it’s your turn!) 1. In Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by three spirits who changed him into a generous man. A. cheapskateB. single and elderly C. unhappyD. wealthy 2.  Raul is an indulgentfather. For instance, he lets his daughter stay up as late as she likes and he never insists that she does her homework. A. lazy  and caringB. stupid and kind C. strict and meanD. lenient and tolerant 3.  Languages evolve over time, as you can see if you open a page of The Canterbury Tales, written about six hundred years ago by the English poet Chaucer. It is barely recognizable as English today. A. developB. age C. increase complexityD. regress

11. 4.  The decision Veronica made to study instead of going out for pizza with her friends was prudent. She got an A on the exam, while her friends all got D’s. A. anti-socialB. careful and wise C. selfishD. calculating 5.  Whenever something bad happens to Jane, she ways it’s the fault of destiny. But I prefer to take charge of my own life rather than simply blaming fate. A. bad luckB. evil caused by someone C. poor planningD. event that happens regardless 6.  My father died when I was a baby, but Mom told me so many stories about him that I feel I knew him well. For example, one anecdote was about how he cried with joy when I was born. A. medicine or cureB. biographical account C. exampleD. joke 7.  Ivan is a wonderful piano player. But Jerri is more versatile; she sings, acts, paints and writes poetry, and also plays the piano. A. talentedB. show off C. superior skillsD. many abilities

12. Organizational Patterns This is a way for a writer to organize and present his or her ideas. Sequence of events – the order in which things happen. • Transitional word clues: first, then, after, before, soon, now, and finally. Cause and Effect – reason something happens and the result. -- Transitional word clues: because, since, therefore, why, and so that. Compare and Contrast – to show how 2 or more things are similar and different -- Transitional word clues: however, but, although, similarly, yet, and on the other hand.

13. Sequence of Events Exercise • The following paragraph is not in the correct order. Write the numbers in the appropriate order as it pertains to the sequence of events. (1)That night, she cried herself to sleep. (2)Once she made it to the car she thought everything would be all right. (3)When she changed, she messed up the French braid her mother had put in her hair. (4)As she walked out the door, she dropped all of her school books and her math homework flew away. (5)Then she spilled orange juice on the outfit she had spent hours putting together for school pictures. (6)It seemed like an ordinary day when she got up that morning, but Lynda was about to embark on the worst day of her life. (7)She was wrong; her father didn't look before he backed out of the driveway and ran into the neighbor’s truck. (8)First, she fell in the bathtub because her mother forgot to rinse out the bath oil. (9)Lynda’s side of the car was damaged the most, and she ended up with a broken arm.

14. How’d Ya Do? • This is the order you should have come up with: 6,8,5,3,4,2,7,9, & 1It seemed like an ordinary day when she got up that morning, but Lynda was about to embark on the worst day of her life. First, she fell in the bathtub because her mother forgot to rinse out the bath oil. Then she spilled orange juice on the outfit she had spent hours putting together for school pictures. When she changed, she messed up the French braid her mother had put in her hair. As she walked out the door, she dropped all of her school books and her math homework flew away. Once she made it to the car she thought everything would be all right. She was wrong; her father didn't look before he backed out of the driveway and ran into the neighbor’s truck. Lynda’s side of the car was damaged the most, and she ended up with a broken arm. That night, she cried herself to sleep.

15. Cause and Effect Exercise • The following paragraph is out of order. Write the correct sequence of numbers. (1)Some toys even have buttons to push so prerecorded messages can be played to begin scripted adventures that require no imagination. (2) No imagination? (3)The electronic age has delivered children all sorts of gadgets and gizmos that are supposed to be realistic. (4)Because toys have become electronic devices, some children today are unable to entertain themselves. (5)No wonder some children today have short attention spans. (6)Gone are the days when children invented their own adventures and used sticks as swords, cookie sheets as armor, and refrigerator box as a fortress to defend.

16. Now, check your answers. • The correct order is 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, & 5 Because toys have become electronic devices, some children today are unable to entertain themselves. Gone are the days when children invented their own adventures and used sticks as swords, cookie sheets as armor, and refrigerator box as a fortress to defend. The electronic age has delivered children all sorts of gadgets and gizmos that are supposed to be realistic. Some toys even have buttons to push so prerecorded messages can be played to begin scripted adventures that require no imagination. No imagination? No wonder some children today have short attention spans.

17. Compare and Contrast Exercise • By this point, you should know the drill ;-) (1) Jennifer enjoys playing sports, while Jessica would rather watch. (2)No one would ever guess that they are actually twins. (3) Although they are sisters, Jennifer and Jessica are complete opposites. (4) Jennifer has no interest in playing a musical instrument, while Jessica is the first chair violinist. (5) Jennifer’s favorite subject is English, and Jessica’s favorite is math. (6)Jennifer listens to new age music, while Jessica prefers country. (7) Jennifer likes to curl up in a chair on a rainy day and read a good book , but Jessica would rather sleep all day.

18. Answers! Answers! Answers! • The correct order is 3, 1, 4, 6, 5, 7, & 2. Although they are sisters, Jennifer and Jessica are complete opposites. Jennifer enjoys playing sports, while Jessica would rather watch. Jennifer has no interest in playing a musical instrument, while Jessica is the first chair violinist. Jennifer listens to new age music, while Jessica prefers country. Jennifer’s favorite subject is English, and Jessica’s favorite is math. Jennifer likes to curl up in a chair on a rainy day and read a good book , but Jessica would rather sleep all day. No one would ever guess that they are actually twins.

19. Persuasive Techniques A strategy that an author uses to convince a reader to agree with a position. Terms: • Bias – an author’s perspective or opinion on a subject. • Propaganda – a deliberate attempt to influence others to believe something.

20. Persuasive Strategies • Bandwagon – a persuasive technique that encourages someone to buy or do something because others are doing/buying the same. • Testimonial – a persuasive technique that encourages someone to do/buy something because a famous person endorses it. • Loaded Language – persuasive technique using vague or emotional words to elicit strong feelings that appeal to the reader. • Misuse of Statistics – a persuasive technique that makes false or illogical connections between statistics and a conclusion.

21. Persuasive Techniques: Exercise A Read the following examples and decide which persuasive technique is being used. 1. Hurry to the store, you don’t want to be the only kid on your block not to have an x-box! • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language 2. “I’m not a doctor, but I play one on TV. Take my advice and try Gotta Go Laxatives.” • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language

22. Exercise B: Now it’s your turn. • The author said, “It is not necessary to see through walls, or to fly to be a real live hero”. • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language 2. We should all be like Alia, and understand the importance of books. • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language

23. 3. Studies show that on the average students who participate in the arts score higher on their SAT. Crayola crayons: Creativity starts here! • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language 4. Save our history by joining the book lovers of the world. • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language

24. 5. Four out of five dentists surveyed recommend Dentine to their patients who chew gum. • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language 6. If you want the best for your family, you’ll feed them Quaker oats. • Bandwagon B. Misuse of Statistics C. Testimonial D. Loaded Language

25. Check Your Answers. 1. C. Testimonial 2. A. Bandwagon 3. D. Loaded language AND B. misuse of statistics!(Tricky aren’t I?) 4. A. Bandwagon • B. Misuse of statistics • D. Loaded language

26. Inferences An educated guess based on clues within a text and the reader’s prior knowledge.

27. Now, you are infer (ba dump bump) a treat! Write the correct inference with each passage below. • Please don't spend a lot of money on my birthday present. I'm just thankful to have such a wonderful mother and father. I'll just use the little money I have to buy myself an inexpensive coat. And if I can only find coats that cost more than what I have saved up, I'll just continue wearing the coat I have, even if the zipper is broken. What is the message? • I don't want a gift. • Buy me a coat. • The zipper on my coat is broken.

28. Jessica called Amy Wednesday after school and told her she would be available to work on their school project after dinner. After dinner, Amy rode her bike over to Jessica's house. When Amy arrived she rang the bell,but there was no answer. Amy got back on her bike and went home. What has Amy concluded? • Jessica changed her mind and did not want to meet up to work on the project. • No one was at Jessica's house. • Amy changed her mind and decided to go home.

29. Martin Scorsese is a director of astonishing power and Gangs of New York is a movie of astonishing imagination, ambition, and scope. The first fifteen minutes are as dazzling as any images ever put on screen. The rest of the movie veers from brilliant to flawed, but it is unfailingly arresting, provocative, and powerful.adapted from "Movie Mom's Review of Gangs of New York" by Nell MinowWhat will be the reviewer's final opinion on the movie? • The reviewer will give the movie a negative review. • The reviewer will not like the movie past its first fifteen minutes. • The reviewer will not recommend the movie because it was made by Martin Scorsese. • The reviewer will give the movie a positive review.

30. Author’s Purpose A reason for writing a text for an intended audience (people intended to read the piece of writing). • To describe • To entertain • To inform • To persuade

31. Directions:READ EACH OF THE FOLLOWING WRITINGS AND DECIDE WHETHER THE AUTHOR'S PURPOSE IS TO: persuade, inform, or entertain 1. It was a glorious morning in Alabama. The sun was shining through the trees. Alan couldn't wait to find his fishing pole and call his friend Sam to go fishing. They had a great time on these early morning fishing trips. They took their dogs with them and the dogs would swim in the lake while they fished. It was so funny to watch those dogs paddle around the lake. What is the author's purpose of this writing? ____________________________ 2. The Slim-O-Matic will cause you to loose pounds and inches from your body in one month. This amazing machine helps you to exercise correctly and provides an easy video to show you the proper way to exercise. Send $75.99 and begin exercising today. What is the author's purpose of this writing? ____________________________ 3. The Underground Railroad was a secret organization which helped slaves escape to freedom. Many slaves were able to escape because of the conductors and station masters. The northern states were free states and slaves were free once they arrived in the north. Secret codes and signals were used to identify the conductors and station masters. What is the author's purpose of this writing? ____________________________

32. Theme: So What’s the Big Idea? The Theme of a story is an idea, question , or message explored by the author throughout the text. • Every good story has a unifying theme. • A good way to explore a story’s theme is to follow the main character’s changes or growth throughout the plot.

33. Answer the following open response question. (No, it will not take an entire class to finish.) Complete the Venn Diagram that compares and contrasts the theme of the following poems. Using the diagram, analyze how each speaker viewed death. How did the author use language to convey this?

34. Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night By: Dylan Thomas Because I Could Not Stop for Death By: Emily Dickinson Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rage at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Because I could not stop for Death,He kindly stopped for me;The carriage held but just ourselvesAnd Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put awayMy labor, and my leisure too,For his civility. We passed the school, where children stroveAt recess, in the ring;We passed the fields of gazing grain,We passed the setting sun. Or rather, he passed us;The dews grew quivering and chill,For only gossamer my gown,My tippet only tulle. We paused before a house that seemedA swelling of the ground;The roof was scarcely visible,The cornice but a mound. Since then 'tis centuries, and yet eachFeels shorter than the dayI first surmised the horses' headsWere toward eternity

35. Figurative Language: Just a figure of speech? Literary Device is a technique a writer uses to produce a specific effect on a reader. Figurative language consists of words or phrases that express something more than their literal meaning. 1. Simile is a comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as”. 2.Metaphor is a comparison of two unlike things that does NOT use “like” or “as”. 3. Personification is a technique in which an author gives human quality to nonhuman objects. 4.Hyperbole is an exaggeration used for effect. 5. Allusion is a reference to a familiar person, place, thing, event or literary work in a text. 6. Imagery is a technique in which an author appeals to any of the reader’s five senses. 7. Symbolism is a technique in which a concrete object represents an abstract idea.

36. Isn’t It Ironic, Don’t Ya Think? Irony is the use of words to express the opposite of the literal meaning. There are three different types of irony: • Verbal Irony is when a person says one thing, but means something else. • Situational Irony is where the actual result of a situation is different fro the expected result. 3. Dramatic Irony is when the audience has knowledge that a character does not, and the lack of knowledge affects the character’s actions.

37. Text Features This is an organizational part of a text such as a heading, graphic, or caption. • Special Type- information given with italics, underlining, boldface, or capitals. • Headings and subheadings- short titles before a section of a text that tell the reader the topic of that section. • Bulleted lists- graphic organizers that list items with a bullet. • Numbered lists- graphic organizers that list items with a number. • Graphics- information conveyed visually on the paper. • Tables or charts- graphic organizers that give information in columns and rows.

38. 7.Diagrams- information shown in pictorial detail 8. Pictures, photographs, or drawings. 9. Maps- representation of land, shown on a falt surface. 10. Outlines-information organized by Roman numerals, capital letters, numbers, and lowercase letters. 11. Timelines- organizers that show events at different times in history. 12. Table of Contents- a list of chapters in a book and the page numbers where they can be found. 13. Glossary- an alphabetical list of important terms and their definitions within a book. 14. Index- an alphabetical list of topics and the page numbers where they can be found.