10 th Grade Regents Review

1. 10th GradeRegents Review Mrs. Meaney Global 10

2. The Enlightenment Thinker Country Major Ideas/Accomplishment • John Locke, England, Natural Rights: Life, Liberty and Property. (Ideas used in the Declaration of Independence) • Thomas Hobbes, England, Social Contract: Supported Absolutism, People are selfish, evil and need to be controlled. • Rousseau, France, People are born good but are corrupted by society. • Montesquieu, France, Government should be separated into branches. • Voltaire, France, Free Speech, Religious toleration

3. The French Revolution • Causes of the Revolution: Absolutism, social inequality, unfair taxation, Enlightenment, British and American Revolutions. • The Estate General was a body made up of representatives from all 3 estates. • The 1st Estate: Church officials The 2nd Estate: Nobles The 3rd Estate: Peasants (98% of population) 4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man is a document based on the Declaration of Independence giving rights based on Enlightenment ideas.

4. 5. The Reign of Terror was led by Robespierre a radical revolutionary. Many people were executed using the guillotine. 6. Napoleon Bonaparte took control of the government in 1799 by a coup d-etat, or revolt by military leaders to overthrow a government. 7. Napoleon’s achievements: Napoleonic Code, National Bank. 8. Why did Napoleon’s empire crumble: Oppressive (cruel), nationalism, Russia’s “scorched earth policy” (Russia destroyed anything that may be useful to the enemy). 9. Effects of the Revolution: Nationalism, democracy spread.

5. Congress of Vienna • There were a series of meetings after the death of Napoleon to restore the balance of power to Europe by creating a sense of peace and stability. 2. Metternich was the dominant political figure at the meetings.

6. Latin American Independence Movements 1. The Latin American independence movements were influenced by the French and American Revolutions.

7. Nationalism • Nationalism is loyalty to your nation, religion, heritage, etc. • The Revolutions of 1848 were nationalist movements that occurred in France, Austrian Empire, Italy and Germany. • In India the Indian National Congress was a mainly Hindu organization formed to help encourage modernization and democracy for India. • The Muslim League was formed in 1906 to further Muslim interests in India. • The Young Turks were a group of liberals in Turkey who wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of Western imperialism. • The Armenian Massacre was 25 year genocide. Muslim Turks turned against Christian Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. 1 Million Christians were killed. • Pan-Slavism is a nationalistic movement based on the idea that all slavic people shared a common heritage. • Zionism: A. Pogroms are violent attacks on the Jewish community. B. Zionism is the movement devoted to building a Jewish state in Palestine.

8. Unification Movements • Italy: - Giuseppe Garibaldi: Formed nationalist group Red Shirts. Won control of Southern Italy and helped to unite the North. - Giuseppe Mazzini: Formed Young Italy (nationalist movement) in 1831. Exiled for beliefs. - Camilo di Cavour: Prime Minister of Sardinia. Drove Austria from Italy.

9. 2. Germany: A. Wilhelm I. Appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia. B. Later, Wilhelm took the title Kaiser which means “German Emperor”. C. Bismarck has two important policies: realpolitik and “blood and iron”.

10. Industrial Revolution • The movement away from rural life began with the Agrarian Revolution a change in methods of farming. • Causes: Natural Resources, population growth, capital for investment. • The factory system is a means of mass producing manufactured items. This leads to cheaper prices and increased population. • Interchangeable parts: materials that can be “swapped” for machinery to meet specific needs. • Interdependence means: countries relying upon each other.

11. 6. Capitalism: economic system in which production is privately owned. A. Laissez Faire means: businesses operating without government interference. 7. Marxism: economic system where production is owned by the people. A. The Communist Manifesto: book by Marx and Engels. B. Proletariat means: lower class “poor”. C. Bourgeoisie means: upper class 8. Social Darwinism is: the application of Darwin’s ideas to society (survival of the fittest). 9. Socialism: an ideology that focuses on society rather than the individual. 10. Effects: global migration, global economy, pollution, population increases.

12. Meiji Restoration of Japan 1. In the 1600’s the Tokugawa shoguns gained control of Japan and brought stability to the nation. 2. The US naval commander Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan to ask them to open their ports for trade. 3. The Treaty of Kangawa was signed and the Japanese agreed to open 2 ports for American ships. 4. The period from 1868 to 1912 is known as the Meiji Restoration. It was a time period of rapid modernization of Japan. 5. Japan fought and won two wars during this time in an attempt to expand their power and gain more land. These wars are the Russo-Japanese War and Sino-Japanese War.

13. Imperialism 1.Imperialism: When one country takes over another for economic benefit. 2. Causes: Ethnocentrism, military power, raw materials and “White Man’s Burden”. 3. The “White Man’s Burden” was a poem by Rudyard Kipling that offered a justification for imperialism. 4. Skip the chart for now. 5. Effects: Cultural diffusion, competition, Western domination of the world.

15. World War I. • Causes: MANIA – Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism and Assassination (of Arch Duke Ferdinand). • The original members of the Triple Alliance are Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. • The original members of the Triple Entente France, Russia and Great Britain. • What are the Balkans? “the Powder Keg of Europe” tense region in Eastern Europe. • The Eastern Front was along the German/Russian border. • The Western Front was in Northwestern France (Trench Warfare). • Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to promote or damage a cause.

16. 8. Why did the US enter WWI? Unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking of the Lusitania. 9. Why did Russia withdraw from WWI? Internal problems (civil war). 10. The Treaty of Versailles listed the provisions that ended WWI. 11. The Treaty created the League of Nations. (task was to ensure that a war never broke out again) 12. Effects: Germans blamed for the war, league of nations, empires collapsed.

17. Russian Revolution • Causes: Czarist rule, unhappiness of peasants, unhappiness of workers, diversity and nationalism. • The March Revolution was a 1917 peasant revolt leading to the Czar abdicating (stepping down from)the throne. • A Soviet is a council of workers and soldiers in the USSR. • The Bolshevik Party was a revolutionary socialist party. Slogan: “Peace, Land, Bread” • The leader of the Bolsehvik Party was V.I. Lenin. • The New Economic Policy was Lenin’s economic policy that allowed some privately owned businesses.

18. 7. Joseph Stalin took control of the USSR after Lenin’s death. 8. Totalitarianism is one party dictatorship that regulates all aspects of life. 9. Stalin launched 2 five year plans to help boost the Soviet economy. 10. A command economy is a government that makes all economic decisions. 11. Collective farms are state owned farms operated by peasants.

19. Time Between the Wars • Turkish Nationalism: A. Kemal Atturk led a movement for westernization and modernization of Turkey. 2. Indian Nationalism: A. The Amritsar Massacre was a 1919 event in which British soldiers killed 400 Indians and wounded 1200 more. B. Mohandas Gandhi was an Indian nationalist leader who used civil disobedience to help inspire and unite the Indian people successfully. 3. Women’s Suffrage Movement A. In the mid 1800’s women in western democracies began to demand greater rights, including suffrage (the right to vote). B. Countries in which the movement was successful were US, Canada, Finland, Germany and Sweden.

20. 4. Causes of the Great Depression: weakness in economics, less demand for raw materials, stock market crash, overproduction of goods. Effects: Loss of faith in democracy, communism strengthened, unemployment rose. 5. Fascism: Rule of people by nationalist, imperialist, dictatorship government.

22. World War II • Causes: Appeasement, German Aggression, Japan invades China, Italy attacks Ethiopia. • Appeasement: policy in which nations gave into aggressive demands to maintain peace. • Skip Chart • The war in Europe ended on May 7, 1945 with the surrender of the Germans. • The war ended in the Pacific with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US in August 1945.

23. 6. The Holocaust is an example of genocide that Hitler forced against the Jews. He set up concentration camps, detention centers where Jews were starved, shot or gassed to death. 7. Effects: 75 million people killed, economic losses, Nuremberg trials, occupied nations, formation of the UN.

25. The Cold War 1. Satellite nations are countries surrounding the USSR (communist). 2. Winston Churchill gave a speech about an imaginary line dividing Eastern and Western Europe called the iron curtain. 3. During the Cold War, Eastern Europe was mainly communist and Western Europe was mainly democratic. 4. The two superpowers during the Cold War were USSR and US. 5. The Truman Doctrine was a policy that gave military and financial support to countries resisting USSR. 6. The Marshall Plan gave money to countries resisting communism.

26. 7. The Theory of Containment hoped to limit the spread of communism to areas already under Soviet control. 8. Germany was divided into two major parts: East Germany and West Germany. The capital city of Berlin was also divided into East and West. 9. Stalin blockades West Berlin forcing the US and Great Britain to begin the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies and food to the people.

27. 10. NATO is North Atlantic Treaty Organization (anti-communist military alliance) 11. The Warsaw Pact is alliance of USSR and its allies. 12. An arms race is a competition to obtain the most and best weapons. 13. Sputnik I. Was the first satellite launched into space by the USSR. This signals the start of the Space Race. 14. A nonaligned nation is a nation that did not choose a side during the Cold War.

28. Cold War Conflicts • Korean War: After WWII, Korea was divided into the Communist North and Democratic South. The North invaded the South in 1950. The United Nations helped prevent the takeover of the South and today Korea is still divided. B. Vietnam War: In 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into the Communist North and non-Communist South. The US gave military support to the South and yet the North was victorious and united the country under Communism.

29. C. Cuban Missile Crisis: The USSR placed missiles aimed at the US in Cuba heightening tensions. President Kennedy agreed not to attack Cuba and Premier Kruschev asked Castro to take the missiles down. D. The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. They attempted to overthrow a Muslim government. The Soviets were forced to withdraw.

30. 16. The SALT I treaty was signed by Nixon and Brezhnev and both countries agreed to limit missile production. 17. Carter and Brezhnev signed the SALT II treaty but it was not ratified by the US Congress. 18. Détente is the relaxing of Cold War tensions.

31. Communist China 1. Today there are two Chinas. The People’s Republic of China located on the mainland and Taiwan known as the Republic of China. 2. Mao Zedong emerged as the communist leader in the 1930’s. 3. Mao fled from the nationalist (Guomindang) forces led by Chaing Kai-Shek on a 6,000 mile retreat known as the Long March. 4. He organized the Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural output through the creation of communes.

32. 5. In 1966, Mao launched the cultural revolution to renew loyalty to communism. This movement was supported by a student formed group called the Red Guards. 6. When Mao died, Deng Xiaoping took over and attempted to modernize China by implementing the Four modernizations. 7. In May 1989, political protestors demanding more rights were killed during the Tiananmen Square Massacre. 8. In 1997, Great Britain handed control of Hong Kong back to the Chinese.

33. Collapse of Imperialism • India: A. India earned their independence from Great Britain in 1947 under the guidance of Mohandas Gandhi. The first Prime Minister was Jawaharlal Nehru. B. India is partitioned (divided) into two countries: Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. C. After Nehru’s death, Sikh extremists assassinated two following Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. D. Sikhism is a religion that blends Hinduism and Islam. E. The Caste System underwent major changes, yet today it is still a part of Indian society. F. During the Cold War, India followed a policy of nonalignment

34. 2. Africa:

35. 3. Cambodia: A. The Khmer Rouge, a group of Communist guerillas, who gained control of the government in 1969. B. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, Cambodia underwent a purge of western influence by way of genocide. More than 1 million people were killed.

36. 4. Myanmar: A. Myanmar was formally known as Burma. After gaining independence, a repressive military government took control. B. Aung San Suu Kyi won an electoral victory in 1990 but was placed under house arrest until 1995. She still fights for democracy.

37. Conflict and change in the Middle East • Islamic Fundamentalism is an application of basic concepts of Islam to government.

38. Collapse of the Soviet Union 1. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the USSR. 2. Perestroika is a plan to stimulate economic growth. 3. Glasnost is “openness” – ended censorship. 4. In 1991, opponents tried to overthrow Gorbachev and restore previous order. He later resigned, but his policies helped contribute to the break up of the Soviet Union. 5. Boris Yeltsin becomes Russian President in 1991.

39. 6. Poland: A. Solidarity was an independent trade union led by Lech Walesa. The group sought political change. B. In 1989, due to the weak USSR, Poland was able to hold their 1stelections in 50 years. Lech Walesa was elected President. 7. Germany: A. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell and East and West Germany united for the 1st time since the end of WWII. B. Reunification did lead to some problems such as high taxes and unemployment. 8. The Balkans: A. After the fall of communism Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia separated from Yugoslavia and became independent states. B. The policy of removing or killing people of a certain ethnic group is known as ethnic cleansing.

40. Political and Economic change in Latin America

41. Economic Trends • Northern, Wealthy Nations: Western Europe, N.America, Japan, Australia. • Southern, Poor Nations: Asia, Africa and Latin America. • Obstacles to development: geography, population growth, past economic policies, economic dependence (debt), political instabilities.

42. IMF: International Monetary Fund – helps nations in debt. • ASEAN: Association of South Eastern Asian Nations. • NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada and Mexico). • EC: Common Market, expanded trade. • EU: European Union, introduced euro. • OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls oil prices.

43. Conflicts and Peace Efforts • Terrorism is deliberate use of unpredictable violence to achieve political goals. • Methods to attempt to stop terrorism: increased airport security, condemnation (disapproval) of terrorist activity.

45. 4. The United Nations: A. List the ways that the UN maintains peace around the world – Peacekeeping operations, disaster relief, fighting for human rights.

46. Social Patterns and Change

47. How has each item evolved?

48. Science and Technology

49. The Environment