Influence of Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires on the Spread of Islam

1. AIM: How did the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires affect the spread of Islam? Do Now: Based on this map, how did the three empires conquer their territories?

2. Gunpowder!

3. Homework

4. The Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal rulers and Islam • All three Islamic empires were military creations • Devotion to Islam led rulers to extend faith to new lands

5. Steppe Traditions • All three were Turkish in origin; two were Sunni

6. Ottoman Empire • Named for Osman I • Founded c. 1300 • Survived to 1922, until creation of modern state of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)

7. Sultan – n – Ottoman Emperor (Overlord or King) • Jannissary – Christians drafted, forcibly converted to Islam and turned into an ultra elite military force by the Ottomans.

8. Ottoman Expansion • Methods of Expansion • The Ottomans controlled a “slave-like” army called the Janissaries. • Made effective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges • 14th – 15th Century Expanded into S. E. Europe • Conquered Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Greece • Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) • Captured Constantinople in 1453 • Renamed city Istanbul, the Ottoman capital • Expanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania • Attacked Italy

9. Map of Ottoman Expansion

10. TURKISH SOCIAL STRUCTURE • Men of the Pen (imams, judges, intellectuals) • Men of the sword (military) • Men of Negotiations (merchants) • Men of Husbandry (farmers) • Eventually, being in the military became a hereditary job with, and merchants and farmers had no way of joining. • Women had no rights aside from tradition, class, husbands’ wishes

11. Reign of Suleyman • Ruled 1520 - 1566 • Suleyman “the Magnificent” to Europeans, Suleyman “the Lawgiver” to his subjects • Famous as builder, conqueror and ruler, his reign is remembered as a “Golden Age” of the Ottoman Empire • Encouraged development of arts • Beautified Constantinople/Istanbul with mosques • Opened the city to people of all religions • Empire began a slow decline after Suleyman

12. Was this a good idea? • After he ruled, it became custom for a new Sultan to kill his brothers. • It also became custom for Sultans to keep their sons prisoners in harems to cut them off from education • Why do you suppose Suleymon did this?

13. Why do you suppose Suleymon did this? • Kept his sons too busy to overthrow him. • Killing off his brothers limited other threats to his power. • Evaluate how this might affect future rulers. • Led to progressively weaker rulers

14. In the pre-modern Middle East • Identity was largely based on religion • System functioned well until rise of European nationalism • Most cities were divided into quarters based on religion, language

15. Suleimaniye Suleyman’s Mosque

16. Topkapi Palace Palace and administrative center of the Ottoman Empire

17. Hagia Sophia Built by Justinian 532-537

18. Ottoman Rivals • Byzantine Empire, until 1453 • Safavid Empire of Persia, after 1500 • Venice and Genoa in the Aegean and Mediterranean - (Battle of Lepanto, 1571) • Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in SE Europe (sieges of Vienna 1529 and 1683) • Portugal in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

19. Battle of Lepanto, 1571 LETTER, H. VERONESE, Paolo

20. Contemporaries of Suleyman1494–1566 (r. 1520- 1566) • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, r. 1519–1558 (Charles I of Spain, r. 1516–56) • Henry VIII r. 1509–47 • Elizabeth I r. 1558–1603 • Francis I of France r. 1515–47 • Christopher Columbus, 1451–1506 • Martin Luther, 1483–1546 • Ignatius of Loyola, 1491–1556 • Ismail, Shah of Persia, r. 1502–1524 • Akbar, r. 1556-1605

21. Ottoman Institutions • Janissary Corps (yeni cheri, or “new troops” in Turkish) • Conscripted Christians, converted to Islam, initially barred from marriage or other work • Later, Janissary ranks were filled by devshirme system

22. Ottoman Decline • Styles of warfare changed, artillery and firearms (Janissaries) superceded mounted archers; landed cavalry class lost power and influences • Inflation from New World silver • Janissaries used influence to engage in commerce and marry, eventually creating an hereditary class

23. Ottoman Decline • Janissaries weakened as a military force • Europeans increasingly dominated trade • Sultans became disengaged from government, power of women in the palace grew • 1718-30 “Tulip Period” - ruinous speculation in tulip bulbs • 1730 Patrona Halil rebellion • Muhammad al-Wahhab (1703-1792) led conservative, puritanical Islamic movement in Arabia

24. AIM: How did the Safavids and the Mughals affect history? Do Now: Quick Review: Identify each of the following as either Sunni or Shiite; Safavid, Mughal, Ottoman. HW: 536-541: Answer 1,3,4,5

25. Safavid Persia • Founded c. 1500 by Shiite Muslim leader Ismail (r. 1501 - 1524) • Made Shiism the state religion • Westward expansion checked in 1514 at Chaldiran by Ottomans

26. Shah Abbas Ir. 1587 - 1629 • Most prominent ruler of the Safavids • Came to power in 1587 • Made Isfahan his capital • In 1599, engaged the Englishman Sir Robert Sherley to reform army • With Engish help, he drove Portuguese from Hormuz (1622) and reconquered portions of Ottoman territory

27. Strait of Hormuz

28. Safavid Empire

29. Impact of Persia • Persian had become the second language of Islam - behind Arabic. Often preferred to Turkish for literary or religious writing • Shiism tended to isolate Persia from the rest of Islam, dominated by Ottomans • Shiism teaches that leadership of the Islamic community belongs to the “Hidden Imam”- the 12th descendant of Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law

30. Muhammad al-Mahdi (The Hidden Imam) Shiism • is the prophesied redeemer of Islam, and, alongside Jesus, will rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny.

31. Shi’ism in Persia • All temporal (secular) rulers are stand-ins for the Hidden Imam • This allows the religious community of scholars, the ulama, to judge the temporal rulers, leading to a check on absolutist rule of the Shah

32. Isfahan

33. Royal Mosque

34. Mughal India1526 - 1858 • Founder was Babur (1483-1530), a Turkic-Mongol descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan • At the Battle of Panipat (1526), Babur defeated the last sultan of Delhi • Key early ruler was Akbar (r. 1556-1605), who established a central administration of the Mughal state based in Delhi and Agra

35. Akbar • Akbar sought reconciliation with Hindu majority - central problem for Moghul rulers • Married a Hindu princess, who gave him an heir • Rescinded the head-tax on non-Muslims • Allowed two laws: sharia for Muslims and Hindu law or local custom for Hindus

36. Akbar’s Religious Reforms • Created a translation bureau to make Hindu epics readable for the Muslim nobility of his court • Created a new faith, a syncretic blend of Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikh, and Christian beliefs, with himself at the center (Din-e-Elahi) • Allahu Akbar (God is great)

37. Akbar’s successors • Grandson, Shah Jahan (Selim), built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal

38. Akbar’s successors • Shah Jahan’s (Selim) four sons fought after his death for the throne • Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707) prevailed and tried to reimpose sharia and the head tax on non-Muslims • Aurangzeb remains a controversial figure in Indian historiography • After his death, Moghul power declined

39. End of Moghul Rule • Central administration gave way to regional autonomy - nawabs or nabobs became essentially sovereign rulers • 1739 Persians sack Delhi and carry off the Peacock Throne, symbol of Mughal power • Disintegration of central authority opens India to French and English intrusion • Last Mughal emperor deposed in the wake of the 1857 Mutiny or Sepoy Rebellion

40. Mughal Legacy • Spread of Islam, esp. in E. Bengal • Principal factors: • Geography • Spread of commercial farming in Ganges Delta • Possibly Islam’s appeal to low-caste Hindus or Sufi evangelism • Rise of Sikhism, a blend of Hindu and Muslim beliefs, in the Punjab region

41. MughalArchitecture Fort at Gwalior Red Fort,Agra Humayun’s tomb

42. Fatehpur Sikri Built by Akbar and abandoned after 15 years because of insufficient water

43. Golden Temple of Sikhs Amritsar, Punjab