India’s Big Challenge

1. Strategies for Universalizing Secondary Education: Role of Boards19th – 21st December, 2008, Ranchi

2. India’s Big Challenge • Large young population • Could be an asset if educated and employed • Potential social tensions if not well educated Literacy: Long Way to Go

3. Rationale for Secondary Education Secondary Education: Develops faculties of critical thinking, abstraction, insight, skills and competence at a higher level Foundation for higher education Requirement for employment and labour market quality Critical to social and economic development and growth Rates of return on secondary education are high Rising demand from elementary leavers International competitiveness Gender equity Requirement for primary teachers Poverty reduction and equity

4. Why Universalisation ? • 19% of world’s children live in India. • Comprise 42% of country’s total population. • Are voiceless and vulnerable. • Cannot advocate for themselves. • Well being of society depends on investment in development of children.

5. National Policy on Education, 1986 (as modified in 1992) “ Access to Secondary Education will be widened with emphasis on enrolment of girls, SCs & STs particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams.” (Para 5.13)

6. Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), Committee on Universalisation of Secondary Education - Report of June, 2005 The guiding principles of Universal Secondary Education -- Universal Access, Equality and Social Justice Norms for schooling to be developed for each state with common national parameters Pressure on secondary education being felt and It will not be wise to wait till 2010 Financial requirement for universal elementary and secondary education is 5.1% of the GDP Investment towards Universal Secondary Education must be made not later than 2006-07.

7. Current schemes of Govt. of India • ICT in Schools • Integrated Education for the Disabled Children • “SUCCESS” – Universalisation of Access to Secondary Education • Means-cum-Merit Scholarship • Incentive for Girls • Girls’ Hostel • Vocationalisation of Secondary Education • To universalize secondary education (class IX and X) during the 12th Five Year Plan

8. Challenges in Secondary Education Access Issues Gender Socio-Economic Disability Equity Disadvantaged Quality

9. Expansion of Secondary Education • Goal • To make secondary education of good quality available, accessible and affordable to all young persons Objectives • To make all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms • Availability and accessto every one • Within 5 Kms for Secondary schools • 7 to 10 Kms for Higher Secondary schools in the 11th Plan and within 5 Km in the 12th Plan. • Equity through removal of gender, socio-economic and disability barriers • To ensure education of good quality for all students

10. Expansion of Secondary Education Physical Targets • Additional enrolment by 2011-12 : 66 lakh • Strengthening of schools : 44,000 • Upgradation of higher primary : 17,000 schools • Additional teachers in existing : 3.02 lakh schools • Additional teachers for upgraded : 3.61 schools • Additional Kendriya Vidyalayas and : 1000 + 700 Navodaya Vidyalayas • Girls’ hostels : 3500

11. Expansion of Secondary Education General Strategies • Upgrade existing schools to achieve prescribed norms • Expand capacity of existing schools • Open new schools (mostly by upgradation) in areas with gaps • Encourage good quality private schools • Expand facilities for open and distance learning • Step up allocation to secondary education from 0.9% of GDP to 2% of GDP in stages.

12. Expansion of Secondary Education 3. Teaching aids • ICT • Models • School budget • School Management • Headmasters’ capacity building • Management Committee • Involvement of local bodies • Supervision and monitoring • School inspection • Incentives for girls, SC/ST, minorities and rural students Components • Infrastructure • Class-rooms • Furniture • Toilets • Drinking Water • Laboratory • Library • Electricity • Phone and Internet • Sports facilities • Music Facilities • Repair and Maintenance 2. Teachers • Recruitment • Deployment • Training

13. Improving in Secondary Education Quality Curriculum Beyond Transaction Reforms in Secondary Education Examination Infrastructure Methodology Teachers Drop outs • Quality • ICT/Technology Empowerment

14. Secondary Education (IX-X): Indicators Source:- Selected Educational Statistics, 2004-05

15. Source:- Selected Educational Statistics, 2004-05 Secondary Education (IX-X): Some Facts CBSE

16. AccessNo. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 Sq. Km. States having schools less and more than all India average

17. AccessNo. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh Population States having schools less than all India average

18. Percentage of Schools by Management CBSE All India

19. Participation Gross Enrollment Ratio (Cross Country Comparison) CU SA SL EG TH HG MX VT CH ML IND Asia SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005

20. States having GER less than all India average ParticipationGross Enrollment Ratio ALL AS UP MP CH RJ JK WB NL JH BH Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05

21. States having GER more than all India average ParticipationGross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X) ALL AP AR HR OR GJ TR KN MH GA UT TN KL Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05

22. ParticipationDisparity in Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X) Source: Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05

23. Trend of Gross Enrolment Ratio Source : Selected Education Statistics – 2004-05

24. Inclusion : Issues • Number of people with disabilities- growing • The number of people with disabilities in India is substantial and likely to grow - disability does not “go away” as countries get richer • People with disabilities in India are subject to deprivation in many dimensions of their lives. • Social attitudes and stigma play an important role in limiting the opportunities of disabled people for full participation in social and economic life, often even within their own families. • India has one of the more progressive disability policy frameworks in the developing world. However, there remain huge challenges in operationalizing the policy framework

25. Inclusion : Issues • Increasing the status and social and economic participation of people with disabilities would have positive effects on everyone, not just disabled people. • India has a vibrant and growing disability rights movement and NGO/DPO and civil society involvement in service delivery for people with disabilities. • While there is a long way to go, focusing on “getting the basics right” on disability policy would allow for significant progress in the foreseeable future.

26. Disabled People are A Heterogenous Group Hearing Speech Locomotor Mental Visual

27. People with Disabilities are Subject to Multiple Deprivations They are much more likely to be illiterate and out of school

28. High Priority to Education Given our large population below 15, we must spend more on quality primary & secondary education

29. An Interdependent Relationship… Collaborative Model • Sustainable Schools • Every child matters Universalization • Lack of resources • Inclusion • Global Ambitions • Resources • Innovation • Corporate social responsibility

30. Curriculum Beyond Product Quality Product Mix Product Features • School • Information • Community Group Meetings • Programmes • Curriculum • number of hours of schooling • assessment methods Education as Service Product Line Product Style & Design • School • Day boarding • Child Care Centre • Aesthetics of schools • Location

31. Education as service: CBSE Product Features • provide flexible education in terms of - pace - time - place Product Quality • provide education through self-learning materials:- - Print - Audio - Video - Internet • provide freedom in selection of courses of study.

32. CBSE

33. CBSE

34. Power of Consumers Power of suppliers Threat of substitutes Porter’s 5 Factors Barrier of Entry Rivalry

35. Quality As Aspect of UniversalisationLearning Framework : Strategies Learning System CONTEXT PERFORMANCE/OUTCOME LEARNER ACTION Institutions Schools Community Teachers/Parents Learning Communities

36. Strategies :Context Global Challenges Emerging Technologies and Challenges Information Highways Changing Learner Profile Changing Work Force Changing Employability Skills Shifting Social Dynamics Inclusion

37. Global Challenges Virtual Classrooms Online Teachers Multipolar learning Distance/online Learning Smart Schools Inclusive Practices Holistic Health Life Skills Programme e-learning Multiple Intelligences Environmental Concerns Values Integration of Technology Lifelong Learning

38. Modest IT Penetration (Users per 1000 population)

39. India has Progressed Edu. exp as % of GDP Govt. expenditure on education ($ mn) Illiteracy rate (%) 16,923 4,264 844 194 52 14 Source: Statistical Yearbook of Department of Education, Govt of India

40. GLOBAL DIGITAL DIVIDE

41. Asia top ten Internet Countries

42. TECH SAVVY

43. Changing Learner Profile Family Structure Changed work Environment Tech Savvy Adolescent Nuclear Concerns Families Accessing Information Knowledge Exponential Growth

44. CHANGING PROFILE LEARNER

45. CHANGING PROFILE LEARNER

46. 21st Century Workforce High School Students Economically Disadvantaged Women Single Parents International Students Veterans Immigrants Historically Underrepresented Adult Learners College Students Senior Citizens Returning Professionals

47. Changing Employability Skills Unorganized Sector – 97% Languages – Strength Entrepreneurship Shifting Work places - SOHO

48. Changing Employability Skills Lifelong Learning – Necessity Life Skills Dealing with 21st Century shifts Violence and Terror Changing skill sets. ▪ ▪

49. Jobs in this new millennium require a student to be an effective Adapted from Tom Friedman’s book: The World Is Flat (2006) Synthesizer Collaborator Leverager Model builder Adapter Localizer/Personalizer Explainer

50. Strategies : Action WHO?– Teachers Parents Educators Peers ACTORS WHEN?– WOMB – TO TOMB ! Lifelong Learning WHERE?– Changing School  Buildings  Virtual Classrooms  Blogging WHAT? –Curriculum  National ?!!! HOW? - Transaction Strategies - Experiential Learning - Reflective Model - Effective Technology Enhanced - Learning Environment