Happy Wednesday!

1. Happy Wednesday! • Please take out your notebook and title a new page, “1950s Cold War”

2. Intro Video • Found at: • http://youtu.be/wvWkABCFMaw • Show only through 1:37

3. What do you think about how parents or teachers try to block what they believe are negative influences on you; music, movies, television, etc…? How does this compare to similar actions the U.S. took to try to block, or contain, harmful Soviet influence in Europe? Warm-up

4. 1950s Cold War

5. America’s Involvement in Post-War Europe

6. British, US, France are challenged by Russia Roosevelt hopes that Stalin will be ally in the post war years But tensions begin at Yalta -Germany -Reparations - Soviet support against Japan - Polish elections - United Nations Problems occur mainly over vast ideological differences Former Allies Clash

7. Originally Germany was divided into four sectors. Eventually the western allies combined their three zones into one country. But Berlin was also divided into four zones. The western part of Berlin was surrounded by Soviet-occupied territory. There was no written agreement with the Soviet to allow the Allies to have access to the western part of Berlin. Later, the Soviets will take advantage of this. Division of Germany/Berlin East Germany West Germany

8. Soviets want to collect war reparations from all of Germany. Truman objects and it is decided that each nation will collect war reparations from the zones they occupy in Germany. Soviets are angered by this and want loans from US to compensate Potsdam

9. Definition: a form of government by the people in which citizens choose who will govern them through voting. American Perspective: best form of government to promote the value of “consent of the governed” Soviet Perspective: says the United States was hypocritical to promote both democracy and capitalism – true democracy can only be secured in an economic system that rewards everyone equally. Democracy

10. Definition: a government in which one or a few people have total control. Freedom of speech, press and religion are denied. American Perspective: Evil system that threatens basic human rights. Soviet Perspective: required to transform a society from an unequal one to one in which wealth is evenly distributed. Totalitarianism

11. Definition: an economic system that stresses the private ownership of industry, freedom of competition, a laissez-faire governmental approach and acceptance of economic classes. American Perspective: the competitive nature of capitalism provides individuals the opportunity to better themselves and the incentive to produce better products and services. Soviet Perspective: Evil system – competition breeds selfishness and undermines cooperation and community – poverty and oppression are the result of capitalism. Capitalism

12. American Perspective: defined in two ways; equality of opportunity and equality before the law. Providing basic necessities like health care and employment undermines a citizen’s work ethic. Soviet Perspective: Equality of condition (everyone shares in the material wealth of the society) is essential for a healthy society. Equality

13. American Perspective: at the core of a happy and productive society. Americans hold freedom in the highest regard. Soviet Perspective: People are not free unless they have a fair share of wealth that allows them to live beyond their basic needs. Freedom

15. Cold War Tensions • Each group receives a card. • Every person in the group: take notes on the topic. Define and answer the questions on the back. • Begins on page 811! • Get a piece of butcher paper and draw a set of three pictures to tell the story.

16. Happy Thursday! • Please turn to the notes you took yesterday on your assigned topic. • You will be teaching this information to your classmates. Be sure your notes are complete and thorough. • EVERYONE will be the teacher at some point in the activity.

17. Cold War Tensions • Create a circle around the room. • Choose one person in the group to teach your subject. • Everyone else, rotate clockwise. • Each person gets 2 minutes to teach the group. • Then, someone who just learned, teach the next group, and the teacher now rotates with another group. • TAKE GOOD NOTES! YOU TEACH OTHERS!

18. Initiated by George F. Kennan Policy based on belief that nations are in danger of falling to communism must be assisted by whatever means necessary to stop the spread of communism. Winston Churchill “iron curtain” – came to stand for the division of Europe – of those nations under Soviet influence. LATER: Under Eisenhower Domino Theory: America feared that if communism spread to one area in SoutheastAsia, it would spread to another surrounding area. The only way to stop it was to keep the “dominos” (countries) from becoming communist. Policy of Containment

19. “…it must be a policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” – Truman $400 million in economic and military aid was sent to Turkey and Greece – greatly reduced the danger of communist takeover in nations around the world. Truman Doctrine

20. The United States government offered $13 billion + to European nations to help them rebuild. Designed to keep them from being influenced by the communists and establish democracy. Marshall Plan

21. Countries that were dominated by the Soviet Union. Ex. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland. Satellite Nations

22. Warm-up • In your own words, what is containment? • What actions do the U.S. take in this policy?

23. Stalin hoped to take over the western part of Berlin. He blocked all highway and rail routes into Berlin thus cutting off any way for West Berlin to receive food and supplies. American and British officials tried to break the blockade by airlifting supplies into West Berlin. 277,000 flights went in over 327 days – brought 2.3 million tons of supplies May 1949 – the Soviets, realizing they were defeated, lifted the blockade Berlin Airlift

25. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created in 1949 to discourage the spread of communist aggression in Europe. Agreement – if one nation is attacked (by the Soviet Union), all other NATO members would see it as an attack on themselves and come to their defense. First peacetime alliance in American history. NATO

26. Created in 1955 to counter the NATO “threat” to communist countries. It was a defensive alliance among communist countries. (It was the NATO of the communist block) Warsaw Pact

28. 1957 Aid provided to Middle Eastern countries – to defend them from any possible communist attacks Eisenhower Doctrine

29. Warm-up • Why do you think it is called the Cold War?

30. Civil War in China before WWII – resumed after the war ended. Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek (U.S. supported) Communist – Mao Zedong China fell to communism in 1949 The Communists wanted to extend their reach into Asia and planned to go after South Korea. How do you think the U.S. will react? China Falls to Communism

31. A war where two powers use third parties as a supplement or a substitute for fighting each other directly. The U.S. fought the spread of communism in a number of ways; financial aid to countries, diplomacy, and proxy wars. The Korean War is an example of a proxy war. What is a Proxy War?

32. Japan had annexed Korea and ruled it until 1945 when the war ended. Japan surrendered to the Soviets – north of the 38th parallel Japan surrendered to the Americans – south of the 38th parallel Cold War in Korea

34. The Forgotten War1950 - 1953

35. The first (of what would be many) proxy wars between the U.S. and Soviets. North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. President Truman ordered troops stationed in Japan to support the South Koreans Even though 16 nations sent forces to help the South Koreans, 90% of the troops were American. General MacArthur was placed in command of the American troops. Korean War

36. In the beginning, the North Koreans seemed unstoppable – they had pushed UN and South Korean troops into a small defensive zone around Pusan. Beginning of the War

37. MacArthur launched a counter-attack with tanks, heavy artillery, and fresh troops. Surprise amphibious landing behind enemy lines at Inchon. The North Korean troops were trapped between two attacking forces – half the Northern Korean troops surrendered; the rest fled back across the 38th parallel into North Korea. It seemed as though North Korea was about to lose the war…*** MacArthur’s Counterattack

38. The Chinese stated that they would not sit by idly and “let the Americans come to the border”. November 1950 – 300,000 Chinese troops joined the war on the side of the North Koreans. Chinese troops outnumbered UN troops 10 to 1. They advanced to the south, capturing Seoul. After this surge – there was a two-year long standoff. Chinese Advance

39. Convinced Korea was the place “where the Communist conspirators have elected to make their play for global conquest.” Nuke ‘em: He wanted to use nuclear weapons against the Chinese. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China

40. Truman rejected MacArthur’s request to attack China. Attacking China would mean attacking the Soviet Union – they had a defensive alliance. This would set off World War III. MacArthur tried to go over the President’s head – he spoke and wrote privately to newspaper and magazine publishers and Republican leaders. MacArthur was warned but he continued to criticize the president. Truman eventually fires MacArthur. MacArthur vs. Truman

41. Many Americans were outraged by their hero’s downfall. 69% of Americans backed General MacArthur. He addressed Congress, an honor usually awarded only to heads of government. New York city honored him with a ticker-tape parade. “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.” MacArthur’s Farewell

42. Eventually a cease-fire was called and the border was set at the 38th parallel, exactly where it was before the war began. Cost for America: 54,000 American lives $67 billion Settling for a Stalemate

44. McCarthyism

45. Spy Cases Stun America • Alger Hiss – 1948 ( sent to jail perjury- too many years passed to convict of espionage - Nixon) • Among several others was the case involving Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. • Were accused of working with physicist Klaus Fuchs and giving our atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets which enabled them to build a nuclear bomb in a shorter period of time. • They were activists in the Communist Party – they denied the charges against them and plead the fifth. • Found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death. • Judge declared their crime as being “worse than murder”.

46. Little-known Republican senator from Wisconsin. Looked for a way to promote his political career and he found it in anti-communism hysteria. Feb. 1950 he attracted national attention in a speech in which he revealed 205 names that were known as being members of the Communist Party and who were still working and shaping policy in the State Department. Senator McCarthy

47. McCarthy was re-elected and for the next four years he worked to root out the “communist evil” he said existed in government, the entertainment industry and education. He was a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) where he browbeat, bullied and berated a nearly endless stream of suspected Communists called to testify. McCarthyism

48. HUAC members considered it their duty to purge the country of any Communist influences. Because of Hollywood’s high profile, it became the best known target of this infamous committee. HUAC

50. Nine screenwriters and one director who refused to answer any questions in front of the committee, claiming their 5th amendment rights against self-incrimination. The courts at the time interpreted the 5th amendment did not apply to legislative proceedings like this – only to judicial ones. They all served prison terms of between 6 months and 1 year. The Hollywood Ten