1. THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY GENE PESTI1 & JOHN DRIVER2 1UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 2JACKSON LABORATORY USA

2. THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY • PROTEIN & ENERGY ON CARCASS LEAN & FAT • INEXPENSIVE DIETS -> FAT CARCASSES • DIETARY CU LEVELS • CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MEAT • CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS • MARGINAL LEVELS -> BROKEN BONES & BRUISES

3. From Donaldson et al., 1956

4. From Donaldson et al., 1956

5. From Donaldson et al., 1956 • Growth Not Related to C/P Ratio • No “Optimums” Evident

6. From Donaldson et al., 1956 • Carcass Composition fits C/P Ratio Well • No “Optimums” Evident

7. From Donaldson et al., 1956 • Carcass Composition Related to C/P Ratio • Carcass Composition Related to C & P Levels

8. Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting & L.S. Jensen, Poultry Science 62:490 (1983) • Altering the form of the diet alters the carcass composition response to dietary energy

9. Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

10. Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

11. Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

12. Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)

13. 24% Protein 16% Protein

14. 24% Protein 16% Protein

16. HMG-CoA reductase • REGULATES CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS • REGULATES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS • IS COPPER SENSITIVE

17. COPPER STATUS CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

18. COPPER STATUS CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS ?

22. Johnson, M.A., 1986. J. Nutrition 116:802

23. OTHER KNOWN EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER • COPPER ACCUMULATES IN BONES • SOFT PORK IN SWINE

25. DIETARY CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS AND CARCASS QUALITY • P IS EXPENSIVE • POTENTIAL POLLUTANT • NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE • Ca IS INEXPENSIVE • DECREASES FAT ABSORPTION • NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE

27. Introduction • A suitable combination of 1αOH-D3 (1A) and phytase in the diet could reduce requirements for both inorganic Ca and P sources • Implications: • Reduced P in excreta • Improved feed efficiency • Lower requirements of nutrients which interact with Ca and P

28. Objectives To determine: • The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions • Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)

29. Objectives To determine: • The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions • Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher) • The implications of Ca and P replacement in terms of carcass processing

30. Materials and Methods • Ca & P deficient (mash) diets were mixed: • Starter phase • Grower/Finisher phase • Diets were mixed with and without: • 1000 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase (P) • 5mg/kg 1a-OH-cholecalciferol (1A) P+ 1A • 5 Feeding Regimens were used

31. Feeding Regimens

32. Feeding Regimens PENS = 4 PENS = 4 PENS = 4 PENS = 4 PENS = 8

33. Parameters Measured • BWG, FI & FCR from 0 to 18 and 19 to 35 days • 10 birds were selected on days 18 and 35 and: • Left tibias were collected for % Tibia Ash determination • Right tibias were sliced and scored for incidence and severity of P & Ca rickets & TD

34. Parameters Measured • Tibias snapped during evisceration • Broken clavicles • Bloody breast muscles • Broken femurs

35. ResultsBody Weight Gain (0 to 35 d) A A A a a b B B bc c a a a b b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

36. ResultsFCR (feed to gain ratio) a b b b c A AB AB AB B a b b a b b b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

37. Results% Tibia Ash at 18 & 35 d a a a a b c cd d b b a a a b b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

38. Results% Phosphorus Rickets at 18 & 35 d a b c c c 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

39. Results% Broken Tibias After Evisceration a ab ab b b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

40. Results% Broken Clavicles After De-boning a a a ab b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

41. Results% Bloody Pectoralis Minor After De-boning a a ab ab b 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

42. Results% Broken Femurs After De-boning 0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →

43. Conclusion • The P+1A combination was required only during the Starter Phase to optimize BWG and FCR and eliminate bone disease • Feeding P+1A at the very low levels of dietary Ca and P used was not sufficient to obtain maximum bone ash or prevent allbones from breaking during processing

44. Implications • The combination of 1A and Phytase is a very promising alternative to inorganic Ca and P sources. • The value of both supplements depends upon their price and availability as well as dietary levels of Ca and P and Phytin P • Future testing should be conducted to determine how much dietary Ca and P can be replaced by the combination of these two supplements

45. SUMMARY • CARCASS LEAN MEAT YIELD IS RELATD TO • CARCASS LIPID LEVELS • PROTEIN LEVEL • ENERGY LEVEL • FEED FORM • IF ENERGY BECOMES SCARCE & PROTEIN ABUNDANT, THE PROBLEM OF FAT CARCASSES MAY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF

46. SUMMARY • CARCASS LIPID PROFILES CAN BE EASILY INFLUENCED: • DIETARY FATTY ACIDS • FEEDING PHARMACOLOGICAL LEVELS OF CU • DIETARY MINERALS ARE BECOMING VERY EXPENSIVE • REMEMBER TO EVALUATE CARCASSES WHENEVER EVALUATING MINERAL LEVELS