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This article explores the foundational assumptions of globalism, highlighting the necessity of understanding the global context in state interactions. It emphasizes the importance of historical analysis and the mechanisms of domination through uneven development. Additionally, it discusses the role of economic factors within a pluralist framework, addressing the transnationalist tradition and socio-economic issues. Key intellectual figures, like Karl Marx and Eduard Bernstein, are examined, along with the evolution of theories surrounding imperialism, capitalist societies, and global economic structures.
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Globalism assumptions • It is necessary to understand the global context within which states/other entities interact • Stress importance of historical analysis • Particular mechanisms of domination exist-uneven development • Economic factors are absolutely important
Global and pluralist common points • Stress an approach to IR grounded in political economy • Attuned to events,processes, actors, institutions operating within/btw.states-greater variety of actors • Transnationalist tradition-emphasize socioeconomic and welfare issues
Intellectual predecessors • Karl Marx- • laws of development-dialectical materialism • society must be studied in totality • Capitalism is a necessary phase of social development
Hobson • -imperialism, • 3 problems in capitalist societies: overproduction, underconsumption, oversavings- • solution is to invest in 3rd World countries • Reject Marxist determinism • Imperialism benefits a select few in the home country and is a cause of war
Lenin • Causes of war among advanced industrial countries • Lenin borrows Hobson’s analysis • Capitalism leads to monopolies which squeeze out smaller firms • Imperialism is drawn by economic factors
Reformism • Eduard Bernstein-social democracy • Welfare state • Reformism-to control negative aspects of capitalism • Division between Reformists and revolutionaries-Bernstein vs. Luxembourg
Development studies under globalism • NeoMarxist-Latin American development studies • Dependency school • Modernization theories-linear process of change
Ties of development or dependency • Trade • Foreign Aid • Foreign Direct investment
Wallerstein-world system theories • World-economy vs.world economy • World economy presumes the existence of national economies • World-economy-there is an ‘economy’ with extensive division of labor-which relate to one another through a ‘market’.
World-Economy • Is capitalist in form • Emerged in the 16th century • Entire globe operates through a singular framework of singular division of labor • There is no political entity with ultimate authority over its zones
Political superstructure • Interstate system with political structures called sovereign states-legitimized • Sovereignty implies formal autonomy which are implemented thr. Rules of the system and power of other states in the system. • No single state is totally autonomous.
World-economy consists of: • Core • Semi-periphery • periphery
World-economy operates through cycles • Expansion-contraction-Kondratieff cycles • Stagnation creates pressures to restructure the network of production processes. • Mechanisms of expansion are: • Reduction of production costs by relocating • Creation of new core activities-innovation • Intense class struggle within core and others
Core states • Control production • Control markets • Control political dynamics • Seek to reinforce the advantages of their production and to legitimitize their role in the interstate system by imposing cultural dominance over the rest of the world.
Globalists and realists • Focus on the system-in order to understand how states act, we should place in the general structure • Both stress power but different sources of power • Both equally value anarchy-anarchy is the absence of single world empire for Wallerstein • Ramifications of anarchy are different
