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Bellwork

Learn about the composition of cells, the role of the cell membrane, and various transport methods including diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion. Discover the functions of key organelles such as the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Also, explore the process of cell division, including the phases of mitosis. Get prepared for the upcoming chapter test on cell structure and function.

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Bellwork

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  1. Bellwork • Create 2 analogies using your positional terms/doodle definitions. • _________ is to __________ as _________ is to ___________

  2. CellsChapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology Fowler

  3. Overview • Composed of chemicals and structures, cellsmake up living things. • Almost all human cells possess: • A nucleus • Organelles • Cytoplasm • Cell Membrane

  4. Cell Membrane • AKA Plasma Membrane acts as a protective covering • Helps maintain shape • Holds cell together • Only allows certain things in and outmaking it a selectively permeable membrane

  5. Transport Methods • Two Types: • Passive Transport ---does not require energy • Active Transport---requires energy

  6. Passive Transport • Divided into 4 types: -- Diffusion --Osmosis --Filtration --Facilitated Diffusion

  7. Diffusion • Most common type of passive transport • Substance of higher concentration moves to area of lower concentration • Difference between these 2 concentrations is known as the concentration gradient

  8. Osmosis • Form of passive transport • Water travels thru membrane until concentrations are equalized • Water usually moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration • Ability of pulling water to area of higher concentration is osmotic pressure

  9. Filtration • Differs from osmosis • Pressure is applied to force water across a membrane

  10. Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of substances into cells via carrier proteins • Carrier Mediated Passive Transport • Glucose is often carried across the membrane

  11. Active Transport • Requires energy to move substances against concentration gradient using carrier molecule known as ATP • Moves from low concentration to high concentration

  12. Endocytosis • Intake of substances too large to diffuse across cell membrane • Involves phagocytosis (solid particles) and pinocytosis (liquid)

  13. Exocytosis • Occurs when cells need to transport material to the outside of the cell • Transportation occurs via a vesicle or chamber

  14. Cytoplasm • Gel like substance inside cell membrane • Required for organelles to function

  15. Nucleus • Control center or brain of the cell dictates activity of organelles • Chromatin is material in nucleus containing DNA • Chromatin forms chromosomes which contain DNA • Nucleolus is found in cell nucleus and functions to synthesize RNA which forms ribosomes

  16. Ribosomes • Ribosomes are organelles found on ER • Made of RNA • Site for enzyme production to aid in cell repair and reproduction

  17. Centrosomes • Contain centrioles and are involved in cell division • Tubular shaped • Usually found in pairs

  18. Mitochondria • Are bean shaped organelles • Powerhouse of the cell • Provides 95% of body’s energy needs via 3 things: --cellular repair --movement --reproduction

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Protein synthesis occurs in RoughEndoplasmic Reticulum which has ribosomes on its surface. • Smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and steroids.

  20. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi apparatus receives protein from ER and processes it to be shipped to the cell membrane where the protein is released. • Example of exocytosis • Some proteins stay here and become lysosomes which clean up cell waste & debris • Lysosomes aid in destroying bacteria via Phagocytosis

  21. Additional Cell Parts • Cells needs things to aid in movement • Examples include: --Flagella which have whip-like tails that move --Cilia which have hair-like projections that carry particles

  22. Mitosis • AKA Cell Reproduction • Process of Cell Division

  23. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes • Human body cells are Eukaryotes which have a nucleus, organelles, & DNA • Bacterial cells are Prokaryotes and do not have a nucleus

  24. Cell Cycle • Made of 2 phases: Interphase and Mitotic Phase • Interphase is when the cell is not dividing but preparing for division by copying DNA and making new organelles. • Mitotic phase is cell division

  25. Mitosis • Composed of 4 Phases: • Prophase-nucleus disappears, chromosomes appear, centrioles move to sides of cell, spindle forms • Metaphase-chromosomes line up in center

  26. Mitosis • Anaphase-chromosomes split; spindles pull them apart • Telophase-chromosomes move to far end of cell, spindle disappears, nuclei reappear

  27. Mitosis • After telophase, cytokinesis occurs and the cell divides in half. • Original cell has formed 2 identical daughter cells • Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm.

  28. Mitosis • Asexual reproduction is accomplished by eukaryotic cells and produces 2 new identical daughter cells. • Sexual reproduction of cells is Meiosis.

  29. QUIZ 3 • Cell Structure and Function—Use this study guide/notes/vocabulary to study • Friday, Sept. 9, 2016

  30. Chapter Test • TEST on Ch. 1 (old book) and Ch. 3 (new book) is next Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2016 • Use handouts and vocabulary terms to study Good Luck!!!

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