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Bellwork

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  1. Bellwork • Create 2 analogies using your positional terms/doodle definitions. • _________ is to __________ as _________ is to ___________

  2. CellsChapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology Fowler

  3. Overview • Composed of chemicals and structures, cellsmake up living things. • Almost all human cells possess: • A nucleus • Organelles • Cytoplasm • Cell Membrane

  4. Cell Membrane • AKA Plasma Membrane acts as a protective covering • Helps maintain shape • Holds cell together • Only allows certain things in and outmaking it a selectively permeable membrane

  5. Transport Methods • Two Types: • Passive Transport ---does not require energy • Active Transport---requires energy

  6. Passive Transport • Divided into 4 types: -- Diffusion --Osmosis --Filtration --Facilitated Diffusion

  7. Diffusion • Most common type of passive transport • Substance of higher concentration moves to area of lower concentration • Difference between these 2 concentrations is known as the concentration gradient

  8. Osmosis • Form of passive transport • Water travels thru membrane until concentrations are equalized • Water usually moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration • Ability of pulling water to area of higher concentration is osmotic pressure

  9. Filtration • Differs from osmosis • Pressure is applied to force water across a membrane

  10. Facilitated Diffusion • Movement of substances into cells via carrier proteins • Carrier Mediated Passive Transport • Glucose is often carried across the membrane

  11. Active Transport • Requires energy to move substances against concentration gradient using carrier molecule known as ATP • Moves from low concentration to high concentration

  12. Endocytosis • Intake of substances too large to diffuse across cell membrane • Involves phagocytosis (solid particles) and pinocytosis (liquid)

  13. Exocytosis • Occurs when cells need to transport material to the outside of the cell • Transportation occurs via a vesicle or chamber

  14. Cytoplasm • Gel like substance inside cell membrane • Required for organelles to function

  15. Nucleus • Control center or brain of the cell dictates activity of organelles • Chromatin is material in nucleus containing DNA • Chromatin forms chromosomes which contain DNA • Nucleolus is found in cell nucleus and functions to synthesize RNA which forms ribosomes

  16. Ribosomes • Ribosomes are organelles found on ER • Made of RNA • Site for enzyme production to aid in cell repair and reproduction

  17. Centrosomes • Contain centrioles and are involved in cell division • Tubular shaped • Usually found in pairs

  18. Mitochondria • Are bean shaped organelles • Powerhouse of the cell • Provides 95% of body’s energy needs via 3 things: --cellular repair --movement --reproduction

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Protein synthesis occurs in RoughEndoplasmic Reticulum which has ribosomes on its surface. • Smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and steroids.

  20. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi apparatus receives protein from ER and processes it to be shipped to the cell membrane where the protein is released. • Example of exocytosis • Some proteins stay here and become lysosomes which clean up cell waste & debris • Lysosomes aid in destroying bacteria via Phagocytosis

  21. Additional Cell Parts • Cells needs things to aid in movement • Examples include: --Flagella which have whip-like tails that move --Cilia which have hair-like projections that carry particles

  22. Mitosis • AKA Cell Reproduction • Process of Cell Division

  23. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes • Human body cells are Eukaryotes which have a nucleus, organelles, & DNA • Bacterial cells are Prokaryotes and do not have a nucleus

  24. Cell Cycle • Made of 2 phases: Interphase and Mitotic Phase • Interphase is when the cell is not dividing but preparing for division by copying DNA and making new organelles. • Mitotic phase is cell division

  25. Mitosis • Composed of 4 Phases: • Prophase-nucleus disappears, chromosomes appear, centrioles move to sides of cell, spindle forms • Metaphase-chromosomes line up in center

  26. Mitosis • Anaphase-chromosomes split; spindles pull them apart • Telophase-chromosomes move to far end of cell, spindle disappears, nuclei reappear

  27. Mitosis • After telophase, cytokinesis occurs and the cell divides in half. • Original cell has formed 2 identical daughter cells • Cytokinesis is division of cytoplasm.

  28. Mitosis • Asexual reproduction is accomplished by eukaryotic cells and produces 2 new identical daughter cells. • Sexual reproduction of cells is Meiosis.

  29. QUIZ 3 • Cell Structure and Function—Use this study guide/notes/vocabulary to study • Friday, Sept. 9, 2016

  30. Chapter Test • TEST on Ch. 1 (old book) and Ch. 3 (new book) is next Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2016 • Use handouts and vocabulary terms to study Good Luck!!!

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