IB ITGS

1. IB ITGS Information Technology in a Global Society

2. IB ITGS - Overview • What is ‘ITGS’ ? • Group 3 ‘Individuals and Societies’ subject • Social and ethical issues of IT (Information Technology) • Understanding how IT works

3. IB ITGS – Social and Ethical • Social issues… (examples – good AND bad) • Economic effects of the Internet • Health issues of video games • Environmental issues of dumping old PCs • Ethical issues… • Who is responsible if your computer crashes ? • Who is held accountable for iPod faults ?

4. IB ITGS - Aims • Develop an understanding of (new) technology • Study human experience and behaviour with IT • Analyse and argue theories about the use of IT • Develop an awareness of human attitudes and beliefs towards IT • Understand social and ethical considerations in the use of IT at local and global levels

5. IB ITGS – Course content • Strand 1 – Social and Ethical Significance • SL/HL: Social and ethical considerations linked to specified IT developments • Reliability, Integrity, Security, Privacy and anonymity, Authenticity, Intellectual property, Equality of access, Control, Globalization and cultural diversity, Policies and standards, People and machines and Digital Citizenship • HL EXTENSIONSocial and ethical considerations linked to the two HL extension topics and the issues raised by the annually issued case study.

6. IB ITGS – Course content • STAND 2: Application to specified scenarios • SL/HL core • Scenarios based on real-life situations must be used when addressing specified IT • developments. • Students must study the following 6 themes. • 2.1 Business and employment • 2.2 Education and training • 2.3 Environment • 2.4 Health • 2.5 Home and leisure • 2.6 Politics and government • 40 40 • HL extension • Scenarios based on real-life situations must be used when addressing specified IT • developments in the two HL extension topics and the annually issued case study.

7. IB ITGS – Course content • Strand 3: IT systems • SL/HL core • The terminology, concepts and tools relating to specified IT developments. • Students must study the following 9 topics. • 3.1 Hardware • 3.2 Software • 3.3 Networks • 3.4 Internet • 3.5 Personal and public communications • 3.6 Multimedia/digital media • 3.7 Databases • 3.8 Spreadsheets, modelling and simulations • 3.9 Introduction to project management • HL extension • Students must study the following topics. • 3.10 IT systems in organizations • 3.11 Robotics, artificial intelligence and expert systems • 3.12 Information systems specific to the annually issued case study

8. EXTERNAL Assessment Outline HL • External assessment (4 hours 45 minutes) 80% • Paper 1 (2 hours 15 minutes) • Seven structured questions in three sections that assess in an integrated way the three • strands of the syllabus. • • Social and ethical significance • • Application to specific scenarios • • IT systems • Section A • Students answer two of three structured questions on any of the SL/HL core topics. • Section B • Students answer one of two structured questions based on topic 3.10, “IT systems in • organizations”. • Section C • Students answer one of two structured questions based on topic 3.11, “Robotics, • artificial intelligence and expert systems”. • (80 marks)35% • Paper 2 (1 hour 15 minutes) • This paper consists of one unseen article. • Students are required to write a response to this article. • (26 marks)20% • Paper 3 (1 hour 15 minutes) • Four questions based on a pre-seen case study. • (30 marks)25%

9. INTERNAL Assessment Outline HL • Internal assessment • This component is internally assessed by the teacher and externally moderated by the • IB at the end of the course. • Project (30 hours) • The development of an original IT product for a specified client. Students must produce: • • a cover page using prescribed format • • an original IT product • • documentation supporting the product (word limit 2,000 words).(30 marks)

10. EXTERNAL Assessment Outline SL • External assessment (3 hours) 70% • Paper 1 (1 hour 45 minutes) • Five structured questions that assess in an integrated way the three strands of the • syllabus. • • Social and ethical significance • • Application to specific scenarios • • IT systems • Students answer three of five structured questions on any of the SL/HL core topics.(60 marks)40% • Paper 2 (1 hour 15 minutes) • This paper consists of one unseen article. • Students are required to write a response to this article. • (26 marks)30%

11. INTERNAL Assessment Outline SL • Internal assessment (30%) • This component is internally assessed by the teacher and externally moderated by the • IB at the end of the course. • Project (30 hours) • The development of an original IT product for a specified client. Students must produce: • • a cover page using prescribed format • • an original IT product • • documentation supporting the product (word limit 2,000 words). • (30 marks)

12. IB ITGS - HL • Higher Level (HL) ITGS Paper 3 includes a compulsory case study. • Case study is provided at the beginning of the 2nd year (H4 year). Students study the content, develop questions and ideas over the final year. • Paper 3 (IB ITGS HL) is based on the studied case study.

13. IB ITGS – Sample questions

14. IB ITGS – Sample questions

15. The Automated Factory In the modern automated factory robots are used for painting, welding, and other repetitive assembly-line jobs. Computers also help track inventory, time the delivery of parts, control the quality of the production, monitor wear and tear on machines, and schedule maintenance. Engineers use CAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) technologies to design new products and the machines that build those products.

16. The Automated Office • In the mainframe era, computers used for behind-the-scenes jobs such as accounting and payroll. • Computer-related decisions were in the hands of central data processing managers. • In the PC era, jobs migrated from mainframes to desktops, and people used PCs to do things that the mainframes weren’t programmed to do.

17. The Automated Office • Enterprise computing - PCs are essential parts of the overall computing structure for most business enterprises • Workers use technology tools such as word processing, spreadsheets, desktop publishing and email • To lessen costs of PCs, companies replace them with thin clients. • Refers to network computers, Internet appliances, and similar devices • Low-cost, low-maintenance machines allowing workers to access critical network information without the overhead of a PC or workstation

18. The Automated Office • Today’s offices use automation to help with many facets of manage workflow through computers and applications such as: • Groupware • Management Information Systems • Decision Support Systems • Project Management Systems

19. The Electronic Cottage Futurist Alvin Toffler popularized the term electronic cottage to describe a home where technology allows a person to work at home. “Telecommuting may allow us to redefine the issues so that we’re not simply moving people to work but also moving work to people.” —Booth Gardner, former Washington governor

20. Computer Monitoring • Using computer technology to track, record, and evaluate worker performance, often without the knowledge of the worker. • Problems: • Privacy • Morale • Devalued Skills • Loss of Quality

21. Employment and Unemployment • Because of automation the unskilled, uneducated worker may face a lifetime of minimum wage jobs or welfare. • Technology may be helping to create an unbalanced society with two classes: a growing mass of poor uneducated people and a shrinking class of affluent educated people.

22. Cautiously Optimistic Forecasts Technology will continue to spur economic growth and new jobs. Economic growth may depend on whether we have a suitably trained workforce. The demand for professionals - teachers and engineers – is likely to rise. Painful periods of adjustment may be in store for many factory workers, clerical workers, and other semiskilled and unskilled laborers

23. Will we need a New Economy? • The average workweek 150 years ago was 70 hours; for the last 50 years it has been steady at about 40. Should governments and businesses encourage job-sharing and other systems that allow for less-than-40-hour jobs? • What will people do with their time if machines do most of the work? What new leisure activities should be made available? • How will people define their identities if work becomes less central to their lives?

24. Tomorrow Never Knows • Technology is hard to foresee, and it is even harder to predict the impact that technology will have on society. The 1930 movie Just Imagine presented a bold, if not quite accurate, vision of the future; here Maureen O’Sullivan sits in her personal flying machine.

25. Tomorrow Never Knows • We can predict the future by recognizing the four phases of any technology or media business: hardware, software, service, and way of life.

26. Tomorrow Never Knows • Hardware--develop new hardware • Software--software such as television programs, web pages and databases give value to hardware products • Service--companies focus on serving their customers • Way of life--product/service becomes so entrenched that it becomes almost invisible

27. From Research to Reality • Ideas are sprouting from the minds of engineers and scientists that will collectively shape the future of information technology. • Trends point to those ideas most likely to succeed.

28. Tomorrow’s Hardware: Trends and Innovations • Speed: computer speed today typically is measured in MIPS(millions of instructions per second), where an instruction is the most primitive operation performed by the processor • Size: central components of a modern computer are stored on a handful of tiny chips • Efficiency: desktop & portable computers consume very little electricity The IBM S/390 G6 server performs up to 1.6 billion instructions per second—almost 1 billion times the performance of the historic Mark I—at a cost that is far less than a mainframe or supercomputer.

29. Tomorrow’s Hardware:More Trends and Innovations • Capacity: optical, magnetic, and semiconductor storage devices virtually eliminate storage as an issue • Cost: hardware has dramatically dropped in cost

30. Technological Innovations • Alternative chip technologies • Alternative architectures • Alternative storage technologies • Alternative output displays • Alternative input devices: sensors “Smart dust” computers at the University of California at Berkeley help monitor and control heating and cooling systems using environmental sensors and wireless communication links

31. Tomorrow’s Software:Evolving Applications and Interfaces • Computer scientists aren’t even close to developing tools that will allow programmers to produce error-free software quickly. However, software technology is advancing rapidly. • WIMP: (windows, icons, menus, and pointing devices) interface is easier to learn and use than earlier character-based interfaces • SILK: for speech, image, language, and knowledge capabilities.

32. Evolving Interfaces • SILK incorporates many important software technologies: • Speech and language: voice recognition systems, natural-language processing • Image: three-dimensional models, animation, and video clips; virtual reality interfaces • Knowledge: self-maintaining systems

33. Tomorrow’s Service: Truly Intelligent Agents • Agents are software programs designed to be managed rather than manipulated. • An intelligent software agent: • asks questions as well as responds to commands • pays attention to its user’s work patterns • serves as a guide and a coach • takes on its owner’s goals • uses reasoning to fabricate goals of its own

34. More on Intelligent Agents • Wizards and other agent-like software: guide users through complex tasks and answer questions when problems arise • Bots:software robots that crawl around the Web collecting information, helping consumers make decisions, answering email, and even playing games

35. Future Software Agents A well-trained software agent in the future might accomplish these tasks: • Remind you that it’s time to get the tires rotated on your car • Distribute notes to the other members of your study group • Manage your appointments and keep track of your communications • Defend your system and your home from viruses, intruders, and other security breaches • Detect your emotional state and respond accordingly

36. Tomorrow’s Way of Life: Transparent Technology “This will be the generation where the technology disappears into the tool, serving valuable functions but keeping out of the way – the generation of the invisible computer.” Donald A. Norman

37. Embedded Intelligence • Computers are disappearing into more of our tools. • Information appliances, including cell phones, fax machines, and GPS devices, perform their specialized functions while hiding the technological details from their users.

38. Embedded Intelligence • Wearable computers:strap-on units for active information gatherer • CPUs, keyboards, and touchpads stitched right into the clothes, turning their wearers into wireless Internet nodes

39. Ubiquitous Computers • Examples of ubiquitous computers are smart badges and smartboards • While ubiquitous computers offer convenience and efficiency beyond anything that’s come before, they also raise serious questions about personal privacy, intimacy, and independence.

40. From Internet to Omninet • Connectivity is a critical part of ubiquitous computing. • As more machines become connected, the Net will evolve from today’s loose digital fishnet into a tightly-woven, seamless fabric that surrounds us.

41. The Day after Tomorrow: Information Technology Meets Biology • Bio-economy will replace the information economy sometime around the year 2020. • Biotechnology and microtechnology will become more intertwined with information technology in the coming decades .

42. Borrowing from Biology • The network of the future will be more like a biological system. • Neural nets allow individual computers to learn from experience because their design is inspired by biological nervous systems. • Research is being conducted in neurons electronically linked onto chips for communication; this type of research could eventually lead to artificial retinas and prosthetic limbs that are extensions of the human nervous system.

43. Microtechnology • Use microtechnology to develop micromachines—machines on the scale of a millionth of a meter. • Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS): for example, a motor twice as wide as a human hair that runs on static electricity

44. Microtechnology • Microsensors - tiny devices that can detect pressure, temperature, and other environmental qualities • BioMEMS - apply chip technology to biological applications may soon cure many forms of deafness, enable many blind people to see images and navigate, stimulate paralyzed limbs, diagnose bacterial agents, determine drug safety, and deliver drugs precisely where they’re needed.

45. Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology - the manufacture of machines on a scale of a few billionths of a meter • Nanomachines would have to be constructed atom by atom using processes drawn from particle physics, biophysics, and molecular biology.

46. Nanotechnology • Nanotubes - tiny cylindrical molecules with semiconductor properties similar to those found in silicon chips; could lead to quantum computers—computers based on the properties of atoms and their nuclei and the laws of quantum mechanics • Germ-sized robots • Self-assembling machines

47. Artificial Life • Artificial life:synthetic organisms that act like natural living systems • Simple software organisms that exist only in computer memory or… • colonies of tiny insect robots that communicate with each other and respond to changes in their environment.

48. Human Questions for a Computer Age • Will Computers Be Democratic? • Will the Global Village Be a Community? • Will We Become Information Slaves?

49. Standing on the Shoulders of Giants The computer is a powerful and malleable tool. It can be used to empower or imprison, to explore or exploit, to create or destroy. We can choose. We’ve been given the tools. It’s up to all of us to invent the future. If I have seen farther than other men, it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants. —Isaac Newton