1. MICROBES • Microscopic life forms that cannot be seen by the unaided eye • Magnifying device • Microscope

2. “illumination” Light (visible) Fluorescent U-V Electron eyepieces Monocular Binocular • specimen background • Bright field • Dark field MICROSCOPES • Resolving Power • N.A. affects • Wavelength affects MICROSCOPES

3. Types of Scopes MICROSCOPES

4. Types of Scopes MICROSCOPES

5. PARTS & TERMS • Lenses (ocular, objective) • Total Magnification • ocular mag. X objective mag. • Condenser • Diaphram MICROSCOPES

6. Tube Length Adjustment Ring Eyepiece Binocular Body Clamp Screw Nosepiece Microscope Limb/Arm Objective Tension Control Knob Mechanical Stage Coarse Focus Knob Substage Condenser with Iris Diaphragm Fine Focus Knob Power Switch & Brightness Control Knob Microscope Base Illuminator Condenser Mechanical Stage Control Knob Substage Focus Control Knob Field Iris

7. PARTS & TERMS • Numerical Aperture (N.A.) • optical characteristic of a lens • N.A. = i sinθ N.A. increases with magnification MICROSCOPES

9. (l innm) R.P. = wavelength of illumination (2)N.A. PARTS & TERMS • Resolving Power (R.P.) • size of the smallest discernable detail • minimum distance between objects so that they are able to be distinguished as separate [ RP of human eye ~ 0.2mm = ______m ] MICROSCOPES

10. l = 650nm, NA = 1.25 R.P. = l/2NA = _____nm = _____ m l = 450nm, NA = 1.25 R.P. = l/2NA = _____nm = _____ m Resolving Power (R.P.) l= 650nm, NA = 0.25 R.P. = l/2NA = _____nm = _____ m MICROSCOPES

11. Resolving Power (R.P.) • R.P. = l/2NA Larger or Smaller R.P. = BETTER ? • R.P. improves as N.A. increases or decreases? • R.P. improves as l increases or decreases? MICROSCOPES

12. Types of Scopes • Compound Light • Bright or Dark field • Use blue light or blue filter for shorter l • R.P. ~ 0.2 m MICROSCOPES

14. Types of Scopes • Fluorescent • Dark field compound light microscope • Uses UV for side illumination of specimen, fluorescent parts or dyes give off visible light that is viewed • R.P. ~ 0.2 m MICROSCOPES

15. Types of Scopes • UltraViolet (UV) • Uses UV as illumination (shorter l) • Image recorded then viewed… still or video camera image(should NOT look directly at UV!) • Special lens material (quartz),glass absorbs UV • R.P. ~ 0.15 m MICROSCOPES

16. Types of Scopes • Electron Microscopes • Use electron beam for illumination, magnets for “lenses”, video to view • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • beam passes thru, view internal structure • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • beam reflects, see external structure, texture MICROSCOPES

17. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) MICROSCOPES

18. Types of Scopes • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Special specimen preparation (vacuum) • Working magnification: • whole bacteria….. 8,000x - 10,000x • thin section, viruses…. 30,000x - 40,000x • Maximum magnification ~100,000x • R.P. ~0.001 m = 1 nm MICROSCOPES

19. rickettsia herpes simplex

20. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) MICROSCOPES

21. Types of Scopes • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Special specimen preparation(vacuum & conductor) • Working magnification: • 14,000x - 50,000x • Maximum magnification ~130,000x • R.P. ~0.01 m = 10 nm MICROSCOPES

22. Q fever (rickettsia) Image enhancement

23. MICROBES • Microscopic life forms that cannot be seen by the unaided eye • May be plant or animal • May be prokaryotic or eukaryotic

24. Importance of Microbes • Pathogenic • Help cure / prevent disease • Break down organic matter to inorganic forms (decompose, recycle) • Autotrophs (inorganics) • Heterotrophs (organics) • Decomposers (inorganics, external digestion!)

26. Importance of Microbes • Spoil foods • Make / flavor foods • Petroleum & Coal: unrecycled remnants • Decay wooden structures • Corrode iron & steel, damage concrete • Food source • Allow fouling community establishment

27. Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles/ Vacuoles Cell Nucleus Chloroplasts Cell Wall Classification of Microbes Plant vs Animal cell

28. Nuclear Membrane Classification of Microbes Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

29. Classification of Microbes Domains and Kingdoms Prokaryotic • Domain • Archaea • Domain • Bacteria • Eukaryotic • Domain Eukarya • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

30. Archaea[Prokaryotic] • Crenarcharota • Euryarchaeota • Korarchaeota • Subtypes: • Methanogens • Halophiles • Thermophiles • Psychrophiles

31. Archaea[Prokaryotic] • Methanococcus jannaschii • 1st archaea to be genetically sequenced

32. Bacteria[Prokaryotic] • Cyanobacteria • Blue-green algae

33. Bacteria Morphology (shapes) • Coccus (cocci) • spheres • Bacillus (bacilli) • rods • Spirillus (spirilli) • spiral, corkscrew (spirochetes)

34. Gonorrhea pneumonia Staph infections Bacteria Morphology (shapes) Coccus (cocci) • diplococcus • streptococcus • staphylococcus

35. E.coli cholera meningitis Legionnaire’s disease Bacteria Morphology (shapes) Bacillus (bacilli)

36. peptic ulcers salmonella whooping cough tuberculosis Bacteria Morphology (shapes) Bacillus (bacilli)

37. Bacteria Morphology (shapes) Spirillus (spirilli)

38. Protista [Eukaryotic] • Algae, Protozoa, Slime Molds & Water Molds

39. Ich (fin-tail rot) 2x

40. Fungi [Eukaryotic] • Molds • mycelia = ‘body’ • hyphae = threads

41. Fungi [Eukaryotic] • Molds

42. Fungi [Eukaryotic] • Molds • Yeast

43. Fungi [Eukaryotic] • Molds • Yeast • Mushrooms

45. Lab Procedures • Bunsen burners