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Ecology

Ecology. What is Ecology?. Study of relationships & interactions among organisms with each other & environment. Ecology – Why Study it?. The environment is changing. Global Warming. 1875. Pasterze Glacier Austria. 2004. Connection to us.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology

  2. What is Ecology? • Study of relationships & interactions among organisms with each other & environment

  3. Ecology – Why Study it? • The environment is changing

  4. Global Warming

  5. 1875 Pasterze Glacier Austria 2004

  6. Connection to us • 40 million acres lost / year to deforestation • The US uses 20.7 million barrels of oil / day  China uses 6.5 million

  7. Current Population U.S. 318,892,103China 1,355,692,576 India 1,236, 344,631 World 7,165,958,649 5/14/14 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

  8. History of Human Population Trends 1939-1945: 58 million people killed during WWII 1347-1351: Bubonic plaque killed 75 million people 1/3 of Europe’s Population 1940-1950: Baby Boom in US 1800: Industrial Revolution = population explosion 1918: Spanish Flu killed 20-40 million people 2006: 2.9 million people die as a result of AIDS in Africa

  9. Population & Growth Rates

  10. Increase Immigration High birth rates Decrease Emigration Competition Predation High death rates Disease What affects population size? Limiting Factors

  11. Limiting Population Size • The most important limiting factor in an ecosystem is energy. • WHY?

  12. Limiting Population Size (cont.) • Energy limits the amount and types of life in an ecosystem

  13. Levels of Organizations

  14. ___________________________________ ORGANISMS POPULATIONS COMMUNITY similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring SAME SPECIESLIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA Ex: “herd” DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA

  15. _______________________ _____________ ECOSYSTEMS BIOMES BIOSPHERE All the organisms that live in a place together with their NON-living environment Group of ecosystems that have same climate and similar communities The portion of the planet in which all life exists

  16. Key Ecology Terms Population: Group of same species living in an area Community: All living things in an area Niche: an organism’s role within the community

  17. Key Ecology Terms (cont.) Ecosystem: biological community Habitat: Where organisms live Biome: Group of ecosystems

  18. Flow of Energy in Ecosystems • Energy limits ecosystem size and biodiversity

  19. How Does Energy Flow? 1. Sun  2. Producers (Autotrophs) • Photosynthesize • Ex: green plants, algae

  20. Review: Autotroph • Auto means self • Troph means energy  Autotrophs make own energy

  21. Energy Flow (cont’d) 3. Energy goes to consumers Aka. heterotrophs • Can’t make own food, must eat other organisms

  22. Types of Consumers • Primary Consumer herbivore: • plant eaters • Secondary Consumercarnivore or omnivore

  23. Types of Consumers (cont) • Carnivore: eat animals • Omnivore: eat plants and animals

  24. Energy Flow (cont’d) Last step of energy chain decomposers • AKA detritivores • Feed on dead & decaying matter Ex. bacteria, fungi - molds, mushrooms, worms

  25.  Trophic Levels • 1st trophic level: producers • 2nd level:primary consumers (herbivores) • 3rd level: secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores)

  26. Energy Pyramid • Energy loss diagram • Greatest amount of energy is available at bottom

  27. Energy Pyramid (Cont) • 10% of energy is transferred to next level

  28. Food Chain • Pathway of energy through a community Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Decomposers

  29. Food Web • Food chains connected in a community

  30. How are we connected? • Environment has many interconnected factors • Biotic: living factors • Abiotic: nonliving factors

  31. Community Interaction Symbiotic relationships • Competition for resources 2. Predation: Predator Prey

  32. 3. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit Example: Protists live in termite gut & help it digest wood

  33. Mutualism Examples

  34. 4. Commensalism • One organism benefits other not affected Example: Remora rides on sharks & eats food scraps

  35. Commensalism Examples

  36. Barnacles on a whale

  37. 5. Parasitism • One organism (parasite) benefits & other (host) is harmed • Parasite usually doesn’t kill host Example: Flea & Dog

  38. Parasitism Examples HIV Tick “Myxi” disease

  39. Other Relationships • Keystone Species: niche affects many others • Invasive Species: introduced species  can affect native species

  40. Invasive Species

  41. Nutrient Cycles within Ecosystems

  42. Nitrogen Cycle 1. Animal waste & decomposition put nitrogen into soil 2. Bacteria in soil “fix” nitrogen gas by converting it into ammonia

  43. Nitrogen Cycle

  44. Nitrogen Cycle 3. Ammonia is absorbed by plants and used to make proteins

  45. Water Cycle 1. Evaporation & transpiration put water into atmosphere 2. Precipitation replaces water that has evaporated

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