1. Lab 4 Bones and Axial Skeleton James F. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 4 Activities bone and hyaline cartilage slide and osteon model compact/dense bone vs. spongy/cancellous bone general anatomy of a long bone bone classification and bone markings identify sample bones by general shape the axial skeleton - identify bones and bone markings listed in lab guide

3. Functions of Bones • Support - framework for body • Protection • protect many internal organs • cranial bones surround the brain; vertebrae surround the spinal cord; pelvic girdle surrounds the reproductive organs • Movement - muscle attachments to bones • Mineral homeostasis - Ca++, PO-4 stored • Site of blood cell production - hematopoiesis in red bone marrow

4. Hyaline Cartilage

5. Elastic Cartilage

6. Fibrocartilage

7. Macroscopic Bone Structure • Diaphysis • shaft of a long bone • contains medullary or marrow cavity; • infants have red (hematopoietic) bone marrow • red marrow gradually replaced by yellow (fatty) bone marrow throughout life • Epiphysis (epiphyses) • ends of a long bone • epiphyseal plate - growth plate • nutrient foramen - site of blood vessel entry into bone • articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis

8. Types of Cells in Bone • Osteoblasts - bone forming cells • Osteocytes - mature bone cells • Osteoclasts- bone remodeling cells

9. Types of Bone • Compact • appears very dense • Spongy • small struts of bone = trabeculae are generally oriented with the directions of stress

10. Spongy Bone

11. Compact Bone - Osteons • Perforating (Volkman’s) canals • Central (Haversian) canals • Osteon • central canal with lamellae • lacunae • osteocytes, & canaliculi

12. Compact Bone – Microscopic View

13. Bone Tissue (dried)

14. The Axial Skeleton (blue)

15. The Fetal Skull

16. Anatomy of the Lateral Aspects of the Skull

17. Anatomy of the Medial Aspects of the Skull

18. Anatomy of the Inferior Portion of the Skull

19. Anatomy of the Inferior Internal Portion of the Skull

20. The Vertebral Column Note the Double Curvature of the Spine. It is an Adaptation for Upright Posture.

21. Ligaments and Fibrocartilage Discs Uniting the Vertebrae

22. Examine the Vertebrae from All Angles

23. Posterolateral View of Articulated Vertebrae Much of the Rotation of the Head Occurs at the Joint Between the Atlas (C1) and Dens of the Axis (C2).

24. Key Differences Among Vertebral Types: Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae For Blood Vessels Size Of Body Facets for Rib to Attach. No Facets for Rib to Attach

25. The Bony Thorax

26. End Lab 4 Presentation .