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The Endocrine System

Learn about the endocrine system, its glands, hormone production, regulation, and malfunctions. Explore key glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, Islets of Langerhans, adrenal glands, and gonads. Understand the role of hormones in growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System Chapter 24A

  2. The Endocrine System • Consists of the ductless glands of the body • Deposits hormones into the bloodstream • Helps control body functions

  3. Hormones chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body

  4. Hormones • Organic chemicals produced by the ES • Transported by blood • Specific • Secreted in small amounts

  5. Hormones • Filtered by the kidneys and deactivated by the liver • Closely regulated • maintain homeostasis

  6. Modes of Action • Steroid hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors. • Nonsteroid hormones combine with a membrane receptor and release chemicals into the cytoplasm.

  7. Control of Hormone Secretions • Nervous system • Changes within the body • Negative feedback system

  8. Malfunctions • Hyposecretion • underproduction of a hormone • Hypersecretion • overproduction of a hormone

  9. The Endocrine Glands

  10. Anterior Pituitary • Tropic hormones • stimulate growth and function of other endocrine glands

  11. Anterior Pituitary • Growth hormone • height and size • regulates protein synthesis, breakdown of fats, formation of periosteum and epiphyseal plates

  12. Abnormalities • Dwarfism • Giantism • Acromegaly

  13. Posterior Pituitary • Stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus • oxytocin • antidiuretic

  14. Thyroid Gland • Thyroxine • indirectly affects growth; stimulates heat production; increases oxygen use • disorders

  15. Thyroid Gland • calcitonin • causes Ca+ to move from blood into bone tissue

  16. Parathyroid Glands • parathyroid hormone • removes Ca+ from bone and into blood

  17. Islets of Langerhans • Insulin • lowers blood sugar level • stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen • Glucagon • raises blood sugar level

  18. Islets of Langerhans • Disorders • hyperglycemia • hypoglycemia

  19. Adrenal Glands • Adrenal cortex • Adrenal medulla • epinephrine • norepinephrine

  20. Gonads and Sex Hormones • Gonads • reproductive organs • Male • androgens, e.g. testosterone • Female • estrogen and progesterone

  21. Puberty Girls 12-13 years average Boys 14 years average

  22. Secondary Sex Characteristics • body hair • body fat • muscle and bone growth • voice • skin • reproductive glands and organs change

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