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Europe 800-1500 CE

Europe 800-1500 CE. “Bring out your Dead!”. Formation of Kingdoms Role of Church Expansion of Towns Conflict & Reform. Crusades 116 Years War Black Death Renaissance. Overview. Formation of Kingdoms. Creation of Frankish Kingdom in 9 th century Charlemagne & later Kings

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Europe 800-1500 CE

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  1. Europe 800-1500 CE “Bring out your Dead!”

  2. Formation of Kingdoms Role of Church Expansion of Towns Conflict & Reform Crusades 116 Years War Black Death Renaissance Overview

  3. Formation of Kingdoms • Creation of Frankish Kingdom in 9th century • Charlemagne & later Kings • Consolidate power through link w/ Church • Force conversion of public to Christianity • Build cathedrals, monasteries, etc. • Creation of “Holy Roman Empire” • Protector of Christendom • Conflict – temporal vs. spiritual • Early kings able to assert power over Pope • Ex. Otto the Great, Henry IV of France Liuthiar Gospel – Otto III Enthroned

  4. Role of the Church • Early church relies on secular leaders to spread Christianity • Clergy divided among ‘regular’ and ‘secular’ • Most priests were illiterate • Literate clergy often served as advisors to secular leaders • Gained influence & power • Seen as threat by secular ldrs • Struggle to maintain independence from secular leaders • Clergy often lacked respect of public • Married, children, corrupt Palace Chapel of Charlemagne

  5. Growth of Towns • Most towns developed along established trade routes • Cathedral construction – economic boon to towns • Required supplies & merchandise • Brought artisans, craftsmen • Growth of trade groups guilds • Over 2700 churches constructed in France between 13-14th centuries Nôtre Dame de Paris, begun 1163

  6. Conflict & Reform • Cluny Reforms • Attempt to make church more independent • Professional clergy • Pope appoints Bishops • Investiture • 1st major conflict b/w Pope & secular ldr (Henry IV) • Henry challenges Cluny reforms • Allowed to approved papal appointments Henry IV at Canossa

  7. The Great Schism (1378-1417) Urban VI’s plans to reform the Curia (hierarchy) leads to renewed schism Power struggle b/w Pope & Cardinals Used by secular monarchs to gain influence Conciliar movement sought to resolve issue Council of Constance fails Council of Basel (1449) reunites church Cardinals maintain power Weakens power of Pope Papal Palace in Avignon

  8. Crusades (1095-1204) • Originally call to free Holy Land from ‘infidels’ • Later motivated by wealth, prestige, power • Returned w/wealth, relics, etc. • Committed atrocities in name of Christ • Allowed for peace & stability in Europe for +100 years • Stimulated trade, expansion & diffusion of goods & ideas contributes to Renaissance Richard the Lionheart, Philip Augustus & Frederick Barbarossa

  9. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) England v. France • Struggle for national identity & territory • Access into Atlantic • British controlled western Channel & Flanders • France w/little access into Atlantic Consequences • Devastates France • Burden of war falls on peasantry • Emergence of national identity • England develops domestic weaving industry  industrial revolution

  10. Black Death Estimated population of Europe from 1000 to 1352.1000 -- 38 million 1100 -- 48 million 1200 -- 59 million 1300 -- 70 million 1347 --75 million 1352 -- 50 million • 25 million people died in under five years b/w 1347 – 1352. • Est. 1/3 – 2/5 of population perished

  11. Renaissance • Renewed interest in classical literature & Ideas • Contributing factors • Crusades • Black Death • Trade • Scholasticism v. Humanism • Scholasticism-stressed reading of material w/no analysis, criticism, or commentary • Humanism-approached material critically and promoted the dignity of humankind, civic responsibility and political liberty Dante-The Inferno

  12. Horrors of war & plague caused people to question government & religion • Looked for answers in Greek, Roman & other classic literature • Shift to focus on rational explanations for events • Writers begin to use vernacular rather than Latin • Ex. Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch Petrarch-Triumphs (1341)

  13. Renaissance Art • Artists began to focus on recreating ideal forms copied from classic Roman & Greek art • Emphasis on realism and naturalism • Giotto di Bondone credited w/introducing perspective & depth in painting Giotto-Lamentation

  14. Donatello • Considered among the greatest sculptors of the Renaissance • Works showed greater depth of naturalism and emotion David (bronze) Mary Magdalene (wood)

  15. Raphael-School of Athens Leonardo da Vinci as Socrates • 1st ‘Great Master’ of Renaissance • Relied on classical themes, often include himself & contemporaries in works Raphael Michelangelo

  16. Michelangelo • Hailed as greatest artist of the Renaissance • Sculptor, painter, architect Last Judgment -East wall of Sistine Chapel Tomb of Pope Julius II Pieta

  17. Leonardo da Vinci • Considered the Greatest mind of the Renaissance • Scientist, philosopher, artist • Embodied the ideal ‘Renaissance Man’ • Believed man’s abilities were boundless Vitruvious Man Anatomical Study Virgin & Child w/Saint Anne

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