History of Psychology

1. History of Psychology A.P. Psychology Ms. McRoy-Mendell

2. Aim How has the history of psychology turned it into what it is today?

3. Prescientific Psychology John Locke • Rejected Descartes’ notion of innate ideas and argued that the mind at birth is a “tabula rasa” in An Essay on Human Understanding • Published A Discourse on Method which stresses importance of empiricism • Francis Bacon • Publishes The Proficiency and Advancement of Learning • Founder of modern science, father of empiricism • Plato & Socrates • Believed ideas are innate • Theorized the brain is the center of mental processes 387 BC 335 BC 1605AD 1637AD 1690AD • Aristotle • Denied the existence of innate ideas • Theorized the heart is the center of mental processes Rene Descartes • Proposed mind-body interaction through “nerves” • Doctrine of innate ideas however memories come from experiences

4. Roots of Psychology Charles Darwin Publishes On Origin of Species which synthesized previous work on evolution Used Herbert Spencer’s idea, “survival of the fittest” • Margaret Floy Washburn • First woman to receive a PhD in psychology • Mary Whiton Calkins • Harvard denies her a PhD • Edward Titchener • Introduced structuralism through self-reflective introspection • G. Stanley Hall • Spearheads the founding of the APA and becomes its first president • G. Stanley Hall • Student of Wilhelm Wundt • Opens first psychology lab in U.S. at Johns Hopkins University 1859 AD 1879 AD 1883 AD 1890 AD 1892 AD 1893 AD 1894 AD William James Publishes The Principles of Psychology describing psychology as “the science of mental life” • This book later became the foundation of functionalism • Mary Whiton Calkins & • Christine Ladd-Franklin • First women elected to membership in the APA • Wilhelm Wundt • Establishes first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany

5. Developments in Psychology (cont’d) Wolfgang Kohler publishes Gestalt Psychology which criticizes behaviorism and outlines Gestalt position and approach. • Sigmund Freud • Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis Carl Jung Expands on Freud but emphasizes the collective unconscious 1900 AD 1905 AD 1913 AD 1920 AD 1929 AD 1951 AD • Carl Rogers • Publishes Client-Centered Therapy which argued that power for change lays with the individual/client • Advocated for a non-judgmental and respectful approach toward patients • Mary Whiton Calkins • Becomes first woman president of the APA John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner Report conditioning a fear reaction in a child, “Little Albert” Promote behaviorism

6. Developments in Psychology (cont’d) • Abraham Maslow • Publishes Motivation and Personality in which he proposes a hierarchy of motives • Considered a humanistic psychologist Fluoxetine (aka Prozac) Introduced as a treatment for depression • Cognitive Revolution 1950 & 60’s 1952 AD 1961 AD 1987 AD 1954 AD Carl Rogers Publishes On Becoming a Person which changes practitioners’ treatment of mental health Considered a humanistic psychologist Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Published Modern classification system of mental illness

7. Modern Day What do psychologists believe nowadays?

8. So, what is psychology? Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes.

9. Aim How has the history of psychology turned it into what it is today?