History of psychology

1. History of psychology

2. What really is “Psychology”? • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes • Rooted in PHYSIOLGICAL and COGNITIVE processes • Behavior includes all observable behavior. • Mental processes include thoughts, feelings, and dreams. • Psychology relies on RESEARCH to create theories on behavior, cognition and the WHY THE HECK DID HE/SHE DO THAT???? • Uses scientific Research Method

3. History of Psychology Psychology = "psyche” + "logos" (spirit +the study of) (mind/soul + study of = PSYCHOLOGY) • Psychology evolved from both philosophy and from physiology • 1879 first psychology lab- Wilhelm Wundt

4. Philosophy EX: Questions • Where is the mind located? • What is the meaning of life? • Nature vs. nurture (hereditary or environment?) • Aristotle: Mind is found in the heart… • Descartes and Dualism: • Mind & body are separate but communicate between their two different realms through the pineal body

5. CHARLES DARWIN 1809-1882 Published theory of evolution in 1859

6. Charles Darwin • Was an English biologist - psychology not a science at that time • Darwin’s writings inspired others to study animals in an attempt to understand humans better • Published Origin of Species- 1859 and The Descent of Man - 1871

7. Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots

8. Wilhelm Wundt 1832-1920 • “Father of Psychology” • German philosopher and psychologist • Started the first psych laboratory for studying humans in 1879 • Wundt believed that the subject matter of psychology is conscious experience • But…how do we study consciousness???

9. Wundt used technique of introspection The process of looking inside oneself and describing what one feels, thinks, remembers.

10. This approach is still used today in clinical psychology • Wundt believed that people could use introspection to learn about themselves • EX: Trained people to describe in detail all sensations they received from objects that they came in contact with • The information was then collected and analyzed used scientific method

11. E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) • Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness • Founder of structuralism • The structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic structural elements of thoughts and sensations.

12. JAMES WUNDT

13. WILLIAM JAMES 1842-1910 • American philosopher considered to be first American psychologist • Founder of Functionalism • Wanted to understand how the mind “functioned” to help people adapt to their environment rather than just describe it • Humans should be studied as complete wholes • Wrote 1st textbook on psychology (volumes)

14. Max Wertheimer • *Gestalt Psychology • We tend to integrate pieces of info. into meaningful wholes. • "the whole is different (greater?) than the sum of its parts” • behaviorists were trying to break up the whole • Must continue to study “consciousness”

15. Psychology in the Twentieth Century

16. UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR • PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH • BEHAVIORAL APPROACH • HUMANISTIC APPROACH • COGNITIVE APPROACH • EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH • NEUROBIOLOGICAL APPROACH • SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH • BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH

17. SIGMUND FREUD FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

18. SIGMUND FREUD • 1856-1939 • Austrian physician • Emphasized the • power of un- • conscious conflicts • and early childhood • experiences • Developed one of • the first theories of • personality

19. PSYCHOANALYSIS • Unconscious urges • Hidden aggressive tendencies • Sexual impulses • Childhood experiences • Suppressed memories • Fantasies THESE UNCONSCIOUS INFLUENCES CONTROL MUCH OF OUR BEHAVIOR

20. Freud used hypnosis, then free association and interpretation of dreams to learn about the unconscious. • Free association: saying whatever comes to your mind without fear of judgment.

24. ID –CONTAINS OUR BASIC NEEDS AND DRIVES, SEXUAL AND AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES LOCATED IN THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF MIND • SUPEREGO- ROUGHLY THE SAME AS OUR CONSCIENCE WHICH CAUSES GUILT FOR BEING BAD AND PRIDE FOR DOING THE RIGHT THINGS

25. EGO- THE SELF THAT ALLOWS CONTROLLED ID EXPRESSION WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES OF THE SUPEREGO. • The unconscious can surface in our dreams, through free association, and our “ego” which allows the expression of the ID.

26. IVAN PAVLOV-(1849-1936) Not a psychologist, but a Russian physiologist Major contributor to modern psychology. • Learned important principles of conditioning through his experiments with dogs (initially investigating the role of saliva in digestion)

31. ENTER THE BEHAVIORISTS

32. BEHAVIORISM • Learned behavior through rewards and punishments-positive and negative reinforcements, associations • Emphasis on observable behavior • Our behavior is more influenced by consequences (positive or negative) rather than free will. • Much of our learning is through conditioning

33. JOHN B. WATSON 1878-1958 • One of the first to study the impact of learning on human emotion • Believed that we are what we “learn” to be • Wrote a book on child rearing • Watson believed that behavior NOT the mind should be the focus of psychology • Conducted controversial learning by association experiment on “Little Albert”

34. JOHN WATSON • Founder of behaviorism • Did not believe that psychologist should concentrate on consciousness or mental processes, but on observable behavior.

35. EXPERIMENT ON CONDITIONING CONDUCTED ON “LITTLE ALBERT” 9-11 MONTHS OLD BY WATSON IN THE 1920S

36. B. F. SKINNER 1904-1990 • Believed we are controlled by our environment and become whatever the environment forces us to be • Must focus on observable behavior • Automated his experiments and designed the now famous “Skinner Box” –a sound proof chamber with a bar or key than an animal presses or pecks to release food or a reward

37. B.F.SKINNER • Invented the operant chamber which became known as the “Skinner Box” • Coined the term “operant behavior” which refers to behaviors that “operate upon the environment to generate consequences”

38. Mr. and Mrs. Skinner view daughter, Debbie, In “box”.

39. HUMANISM • Carl Rogers believed that people had within themselves the resources for self-under- standing and the ability to alter their self- concept, attitudes, and behavior with the proper nurturing and environment. People are basically good.

40. CARL ROGERS • 1902-1987 • HUMANIST • Believed the en- • vironment does not • force us to do any- • thing. • Maintained that • people are basically • good

41. ROGERS – • We are in control of our own destinies • Can exercise free will to make changes • in our lives • With the right nurturing, we can reach our • highest potential • Emphasized importance of self-esteem

42. Humanism (continued) • Being understood and valued gives us the freedom to grow. Used “unconditional positive regard” in his therapy. • His approach revolutionized therapy. Roger’s techniques became known as Rogerian therapy (client-centered) • Abraham Maslow was another psychologist who supported the humanistic approach.

43. ABRAHAM MASLOW (Humanist) DEVELOPED IDEA OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT BEING SELF-ACTUALIZATION pp. 140-142 in textbook

45. COGNITIVE (THINKING) • Belief that our thoughts and internal sentences are key motivators for behavior. • Irrational thinking such as overgeneralizing, jumping to conclusions, labeling, and mental filters lead to socially and psychologically destructive behavior.

46. JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980) ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007)

47. IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS AFFECT OUR BEHAVIOR • All or nothing thinking • Overgeneralization • Mental filter • Disqualifying the positive • Jumping to conclusions • Exaggerating or minimizing • Emotional reasoning • Should statements • Labeling and mislabeling

48. NEUROBIOLOGICAL • Emphasizes physical changes or conditions in our bodies when explaining behavior brain chemistry, glandular system, nervous system, genes, and any other systems operating in the body.

49. SOCIOCULTURAL • Focuses on the impact of cultural considerations including : • racial and ethnic background • traditions • religion • family customs • expectations in society.

50. “ECLECTICISM” IN PSYCHOLOGY THE INTEGRATED USE OF TECHNIQUES FROM DIFFERENT PSYCHOTHERAPIES.