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Explore the timeline of human evolution, from the discovery of the Archicebusachilles to the emergence of Homo Sapiens. Learn about key species, archaeological sites, and dating methods used to uncover our evolutionary history.

danielgriffin
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  1. Abbreviations • M years = thousand years 100M years = 100,000 years • MM years = million years 5 MM years = 5 million years • B.P. (BP) = before present (years ago) 200,000 BP = 200,000 years ago

  2. Archicebusachilles • 55 MM years ago. • Discovered in China 2003 • Announced in 2013. • Size of a mouse, 20-30g • Distinctive monkey like ankle bone. Opposable thumbs, finger nails and flat face.

  3. Sahelanthropus Tchadensis • Discovered at Toros-Menalla in N. Chad in 2001. • Dated approximately 7MM years old. • Forward position of foramen magnum suggest bipedal. • Body fragments needed for confirmation.

  4. Human Classification

  5. Orrorin Tugenensis • These bone fragments from at least 5 individuals are 5.8-6 MM BP. • The femur, more human like suggest it had bipedal abilities.

  6. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html

  7. Archeological Sites

  8. Ardipithecus ramidus “Ardi” 4.4 MM BP Earliest hominid with extensive evidence of bipedalism Announced in 2009 Chimpanzee sized agile tree dweller bidpedal on ground

  9. 4.2-1.5 MM B.P. • Australopithecines in Africa • 25% larger brain size than Chimpanzee • Hands are free to make tools • Hunters and gatherers

  10. Lucy • Australopithicus Afarensis • About 40% of her remains were found. • Enough for an artist to render this image.

  11. Australopithecus Sediba • Discovered in 2008 and recognized as new “human like” species. • Dated 1.95-1.78 million years old. • Possible oldest predecessor to us.

  12. 2.5-1.5 MM B.P. • Homo Habilus • Arguably earliest human ancestor. • Possibly capable of speech • Upright tool maker • Brain size 500-800 mL or 30-40% larger than A. Africanus

  13. 1.8MM-0.3MM B.P. • Homo Erectus (Europe) & Homo Ergaster (Africa) • Increased motor skills, imagination and reasoning • Fire usage 1 MM yr. ago. • Sophisticated hunting practices • First use of hand ax • Males 5’11” 150 Lbs, females 25% smaller.

  14. Archaic Homo Sapiens • Large brain Hominids which emerged about 500 M years ago. • Heidelbergensis is earliest species believed to bury their dead. Homo Heidelbergensis

  15. Whether we evolved from one Homo species. • A recent discovery suggests Homo Habilis, Rudolfensis and Erectus were one species. • Most complete 1.8MM BP remains of five different individuals in one cave. • Video

  16. 230,000-40,000 B.P. • Neanderthals & Denisovanmay have evolved from H. Erectus or H. Heidelbergensis. • Modern Melanesians & Aboriginal Australians 3-5% Denisovan genes, others are 1-4% Neanderthalis • Neanderthals known to bury their dead & care for sick & injured.

  17. Neanderthals were different • They had thicker and larger craniums and brow ridge than us with different cranium shape. • They did not have a dominant chin like us.

  18. Neanderthals • Genome mapping of Neanderthals began 2005 at Max-Planck Institute in Frankfurt Germany. • Genome evidence of interbreeding in non-African humans. • 1-4% inherited Neanderthal genes in most humans. • Neanderthals • A lot more on Neanderthals • These genes may have strengthened our immune system

  19. Homo Sapiens 315,000 BP • Our species. • Fossil found in Morocco dating back 315 M BP years. Outside Africa 200M BP. • Mass migration to europe 45 M BP followed by Neanderthal extinction 40 M BP Invasive species?

  20. Summary of Hominids

  21. 11,500 B.P. • Early evidence of stone age civilization at GobekliTepe in Turkey. • Neolithic hill-top sanctuary. • Shared spirituality, moral code & trust • Triggers: ritual, feasting, resources Gobekli Tepe

  22. Dating Methods • Absolute dating methods • Relies on biological, radiometric or geological/electromagnetic methods. • Relative dating methods • Relies on dating through reference to other dated sites, stratigraphy and “index fossils.”

  23. Carbon-14 Dating • hvneutron + 14N 14C + 1H upper atmosphere • Carbon life forms are mostly 12C isotope. • All living organisms possess a constant ratio of 14C/12C until the organism dies then [14C] becomes less. • 14C 14N + e “transmutation” • 50% of 14C sample transmutates in 5730 years. • Not practical for dating >60M years

  24. Potassium-Argon Dating • 40K + e 40Ar • Called electron capture transmutation. • Proton changes into a neutron. • 50% transmutates in 1,280MM years. • Practical for dating igneous rocks >100M years old.

  25. Science • Explanation of natural phenomena through controlled, reproducible experimental fact. • Hypothesis Experimentation  Theory  Natural Law • Approved by panel of peers and published in a public journal.

  26. The Scientific Method A Theory attempts to explain why it happens A Law summarizes what happens

  27. Technology • Applied scientific principles or natural resources to improve human life. • Computers, telecommunications, TV, atomic energy, etc.

  28. Brian Arthur – Why Things Become Complex • Subsystems are added • To overcome limitations, handle exceptional circumstances or adapt to more complex world. • True for machines, bureaucracies, living organisms and life itself.

  29. Brian Arthur cont. • Subsystems beget more subsytems • These added subsystems need additional subsystems to monitor and control them. • Once over encumbered with subsystems further innovation leads to renewed simplicity

  30. Science, Math & Reading • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) • Presently 36 countries • The USA teens ranks below average in all categories according to 2012 assessment by PISA according to Nat’l Center for Education Statistics. • Link to PISA results

  31. James Burke’s “Connections” • Nuclear power • Telecommunications • The Computer • The Assembly line • Air Transportation • Plastics • Liquid Fuel Rockets • Television

  32. Securing the US Electrical Grid • Our electrical power grid is vulnerable to the following threats: • Cyber attacks • Physical attacks • Radiation bursts • GIC, EMP or DEW • Severe weather Link to pdf

  33. Scientific Laws • Conservation of mass - “matter can neither be created nor destroyed,” in chemical reactions. • Conservation of energy - “energy can neither be created nor destroyed,” in chemical reactions.

  34. Can You Answer These? • Which hominid first had the ability to make fire. How many years ago? • Was there time overlaps in bipedal hominids? • What is our relationship with Archaic Homo Sapiens? • What is the difference between science and technology? • What are the threats to the US electrical grid • H. Erectus about 1MM year ago. Slide #13 • Yes, #20 • Interbreeding and shared genes for immunity. #17 • Science is what is demonstrably true about the world around us. #23-24 • Cyber, physical, radiation pulse and severe weather #32

  35. Can You Answer These? • According to Brian Arthur, what are subsystems? • What is radiochemical dating. Which of these dating methods would be used to determine the age of old woven materials. • If 100 Lbs. of dynamite explodes how much will the products of this explosion weigh? • According PISA how do US teens rank in STEM • Added to overcome limitations. #28 • Aging artifacts via transmutation of unstable nuclear isotopes. Carbon -14. # 22-23 • The conservation of mass says it must also be 100 Lbs. #33 & 36 • Bottom half. #30

  36. Conservation of Mass Gasoline + Oxygen (from air) Carbon dioxide + water • 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O • 5.9 Lbs + 20.5 Lbs 18.1 Lbs + 8.3 Lbs • 26.4 Lbs (gas/O2) 26.4 Lbs CO2 & water 1 gallon

  37. Appendix • The following slide(s) have been removed from previous presentations due to more recent discovery.

  38. Did We Evolve From Lemurs? • Nicknamed “Ida” a missing link in human evolution? • She lived about 47 MM years ago. • Opposable thumbs and finger nails. • http://www.revealingthelink.com/who-is-ida/

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