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Energy & Its Impact on Global Society

Explore the impact of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas on global society and the emerging future sources of energy. Learn about coal extraction methods, the complexities of petroleum, challenges in offshore oil exploration, and advancements in natural gas technology. Discover the potential of gasification of coal, liquefaction of coal, oil shale in the US, and tar sands in Canada. Gain insights into the environmental, social, economic, and political implications of our energy choices.

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Energy & Its Impact on Global Society

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  1. Energy & Its Impact on Global Society Jerome K. Williams, Ph.D. Saint Leo University Dept. Mathematics & Sciences

  2. Chapter 7: Energy from Fossil Fuels • Resources & Terminology • Coal • Oil • Natural Gas • Future Sources of Fossil Fuels

  3. Resources & Terminology • 85% commercial energy resources used in world come from fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) • Supply of fossil fuels is running out

  4. Resources & Terminology • To Categorize types of oil reserves, one uses a McKelvey Diagram

  5. Resources & Terminology • Reserves are defined as those resources that are well known through geological exploration and are recoverable at current prices • Proven reserves • Indicated reserves • Inferred reserves

  6. Source: US Energy Information Administration

  7. Coal • World’s most abundant fuel • US called “Saudi Arabia” of Coal • Coal resources: 3 trillion tons • 80% total fossil fuel reserves in US • 23% of US energy needs (electricity)

  8. Coal • Classification or Ranks Coal: based on carbon content found in coal • Lignite • Subbituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite

  9. Source: US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1412 (1975)

  10. Coal • Coal Extraction: Strip Mining Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhbkoFik_8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbUV7i3KEME

  11. Coal • Extracting Coal: Strip Mining & Ramifications • Environmental • Social • Economic • Political

  12. Oil • World appetite for oil continues to grow • (2009) 86 MBPD consumption per day • US consumes 25% of this total; 57% imported oil • Oil use dates back to Biblical times & has been used by many cultures (e.g., heating, lighting, medicine, roads)

  13. Oil • Petroleum is complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) • Contents: crude oil, natural gas and semi-solids • Originates from decay of organic material, usually marine life that is buried over many millions of years under ocean sediment

  14. Oil • Petroleum’s use dates back to Biblical times; applications found in many cultures • heating, lighting, medicine, waterproofing, roads • By-products isolated by refining process. Heat mixture and pass it into large fractionating tower where separation by boiling point occurs

  15. Oil • Products from tower are further treated to produce end use items like gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, etc.

  16. Oil • Search for oil is getting harder due to most large land deposits are already known • Most increases in US reserves expected to come from offshore drilling; makes sense due to petroleum originating from decaying marine matter

  17. Oil • Challenges to Offshore Exploration • Environmental • Political • Economic

  18. Natural Gas • Mixture of light hydrocarbons, primarily methane • Formed from decayed organic matter • Categorized as nonassociated gas or associated gas

  19. Natural Gas • Pipeline system required to transport gas (US: 300,000 miles pipeline) • Advantages: • Relatively inexpensive compared to gasoline • Cleaner-burning fuel (less CO2 released) • Readily available

  20. Natural Gas • Uses: • Space heating • Water heating • Fuel (industrial boilers, electricity producing gas turbines, and chemical feedstock)

  21. Natural Gas • World Reserves: 6200 tcf • 60 year window (assume Rate = 108 tcf/year) • Russia, Iran, Qatar have largest reserves • US: 50% natural gas found in Gulf Coast region

  22. Natural Gas • Advances in Technology have allowed US to find and use indicated reserves of natural gas: • New drilling techniques (Hydraulic fracturing) • Gas Hydrates found underneath oceans & in permafrost of Arctic • Transportation difficulty overcome by shipping natural gas in liquid state (called liquefied natural gas or LNG)

  23. Future Sources of Fossil Fuels • Gasification of Coal • Liquefaction of Coal • Oil Shale (US) • Tar Sands or Oil Sands (Canada)

  24. Problems • 1, 3, 4, 6

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