The Psychological Approach: Freud

1. The Psychological Approach: Freud

2. Freud�s Theories The foundation of Freud�s contribution to modern psychology is his emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the human psyche.

3. Freud�s Dream interpretation

7. Freud�s second major premise is that all human behavior is motivated ultimately by what we would call sexuality.

8. Freud�s third premise is that because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses, many of our desires and memories are repressed ( that is, actively excluded from conscious awareness).

9. Several corollaries of Freudian theory Freud abandoned the idea of the system unconscious, replacing it with the concept of the�ego, super-ego, and id. Throughout his career, however, he retained the descriptive and dynamic conceptions of the unconscious. The id is the reservoir of libido, the primary source of all psychic energy. It fulfills the primordial life principle, which Freud considers to be the pleasure principle.

10. Ego is the rational governing agents of the psyche. Though the ego lacks the strong vitality of the id, it regulates the instinctual drives of the id so that they may be released in nondestructive behavioral patterns.

11. Acting either directly or through the ego, the superego serves to repress or inhibit the drives of the id, to block of and thrust back into the unconscious those impulses toward pleasure that society regards as unacceptable.

12. Whereas the id is dominated by the pleasure principle and the ego by the reality principle, the superego is dominated by the morality principle.

13. The Psychological Approach in Practice Ernest Jones points out that Hamlet as a psychoneurotic who suffers from manic-depressive hysteria combined with an abulia� all of which may be traced to the hero�s severely repressed Oedipal feelings.

14. the character of the ghost and Claudius are dramatic projections of Hamlet�s own conscious-unconscious ambivalence toward the father figure. The ghost represents the conscious ideal of fatherhood. His view of Claudius represents Hamlet�s repressed hostility toward his father as a rival for his mother�s affection.

15. C. Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus Prometheus Manqu�: The Monster Unbound Rebellions against the restrictions of patriarchal authority The Father must die, either symbolically or literally Projection of his creator�s id The monstrous consequences of libidinous obsession, unchecked by ego and ungoverned by superego

16. Young Goodman Brown: Id Verses Superego The village is a place of light and order, both social and spiritual order. Brown leaves Faith behind the town at sunset and returns to Faith in the morning. The journey into the wildness is taken in the night.

17. The village, as a place of social and moral order is analogous to Freud�s superego, conscience, the morally inhibiting agent of the psyche; the forest, as a place of wild, untamed passions and terrors, has the attributes of the Freudian id.

18. E?Death wish in Poe�s fiction Marie Bonaparte�s Life and works of Edgar Allan Poe Her main thesis is that Poe�s life and works are informed throughout by the Oedipal complex: hatred of father and psychopathic love of mother The mother�s fixation is the matrix for Poe�s poetry and fiction. Even his fatal weakness for drink is explained as a form of escape that enables him to remain faithful to his dead mother.

19. F. Love and death in Blake�s �Sick Rose� Romanticism is related to the unconscious � as opposed to Classicism, which, with its emphasis on restraint and order, is oriented toward the conscious, particularly the ego and superego. The sexual implication of Blake�s imagery are readily discernible. The rose is a classic symbol of agent of masculine sexuality; the worm, symbol of death, of decay, and also of the phallus(worm =serpent=sexual instinct) In �Ulalume,� flying as a symbol of sexual intercourse Image of the night, darkness, and howling storm suggest attributes of the unconscious or the id, as in the forest.

20. G. Sexual imagery in �To His Coy Mistress� Juxtaposition: begins with stating an impossble condition. In first stanza, the speaker has managed to refine his seductive motive of all its grossness. From eternal burning of a vegetable passion, in the face of reality, we see that all love must at last end in ashes- just as all chastity must end, the same as sexual profligacy, in dust. Fire, in the unconscious, is the classic symbol of urethral eroticism. The eating-biting metaphor(oral eroticism in its primal form) is fused with the flying symbol in �amorous birds of prey.�

21. H. Morality over the pleasure principle in �Everyday Use� Two symbolic components of Freudian theory: the superego and the id Maggie is clearly associated with two basic characteristics of the superego: order(the clean, neat yard) and guilt(shame over her appearance in social situations) Maggie with the superego; Dee�s affinity with the Freudian id. The id is not only amoral but totally self-centered and asocial. Dee is representing of the ego, caught momentarily in precarious tension between the pleasure principle and the morality principle. Freudian critic might put it, �Ego, bolstered by superego, has regulated the id.�

22. III. Other Possibilities and Limitations of the Psychological Approach If accept the premises�difficult to refute Impact upon modern writing Upon modern literary criticism Danger: Freud�s theory is not the only approach to literary analysis Though it�s useful, not only limited in this approach�still learn more

23. Limitations Psychological Approach makes it very easy for the reader to treat the fictional characters as real human beings (best example: Hamlet) Analyzer is not omniscient: As Freud�s own difficulty in analyzing his object (e.g. Dora) shows, sometimes in the process of analysis, the �analyzer� must also consider his/her own psychology and bias before applying this approach.

24. Possibilities Freud�s hypothesis have been modified and corrected, (therefore not deemed as absolute Truth) even within the discipline of psychology studies. For example, the current trend of the related science is in linking our mind/emotion to genetic and biophysical origins other than merely psychological origins.

25. Limitations and Possibilities The greatest danger of misusing psychoanalysis is to try applying it to everybody�s every action. This oversimplifies the complexity of the human life. E.g. While Freud gave one of the most ingenious insight of Hamlet in history. If we nail Hamlet�s every decision and trouble to Oedipus Complex then the play Hamlet will lose most of its meanings and become just a family melodrama. We human beings often do things for more than one motivation. Psychoanalysis is not an �answer-for-all-questions�, it is Freud�s way to remind us that we don�t always understand ourselves, that there is always something hidden for we to search.

26. Related Sources about Freud Maier, Norman R. F. A Psychological Approach to Literary Criticism. Folcroft Library Editions,1972. Jacobs, Michael. Sigmund Freud. London :SAGE P, 2003. Guttman, Samuel A. The Concordance to the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. N.Y. :International U P,1984. Sigmund Freud Museum http://www.freud.org.uk/

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