1. Telecommunications/Networking Team 1

2. The Antagonists Presenting Telecommunications and Networking The team name highlights our partial non-alignmentwith certain governmental ideas Introducing our team members… • Don • Patrick • Aaron • Austin • Dan • Mike • Glenn

3. Circuit Switched Networks

4. Circuit Switched Networks A telephone network uses circuit switching to create an end-to-end connection with the dialed phone before the caller speaks 1960’s… Creating a circuit makes exclusive allocations of transmission/reception resources for the duration of the call

5. Circuit Switched Networks The telephone network is the largest global system ever created...50 year-old phones can still operate with today’s equipment !! The basic design was in the early 1900s… Mr. Alexander Graham Bell `+-

6. Circuit Switched Networks • The Public Switched Telephone Network (a circuit-switched network) is today’s worldwide collection of interconnected public telephone networks, designed primarily for voice traffic • A dedicated circuit (aka “channel”) is established for the duration of any transmission, such as a phone call, and can be easily contrasted with packet switching networks, in which messages are divided into small segments (packets) and where each packet is sent individually

7. Circuit Switched Networks

8. Circuit Switched Networks • This is a guarantee that any successful connection will fully own the resources necessary to allow a high quality interaction • When a call ends, the circuit is broken & resources are freed up for new connection • The capacity of a network to allow any two endpoints to be interconnected… Switched Networks

9. Circuit Switched Networks

10. Telephone Signals

11. Telephone Signals • Telephones originally used continuous analog signals, which vary in amplitude & frequency (signal strength & pitch) • A phone converts sound into electrical signals with the microphone (mouthpiece) and with the speaker (earpiece) at the other end, converts the signals back to sound • Today’s digital signals differ significantly, as they are both discrete & discontinuous • Digital signals exist in predetermined states as binary signals are limited to only zeroes & ones • These can be transmitted “bazillions” of times better (both faster and more quality) than the old-fashioned analog approach…

12. Telephone Signals Analog Digital

13. Telephone Signals • Dialing today’s phones is done using DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency) tones…these are from the row & column of the buttons you press (0-9, etc) to make a call • >>>> Listen… • Additional DTMF tones (“ABCD tones”) are used by the U.S. military & some PBX systems • Special phones are equipped with keys to allow specific protocol usage: • A – Flash, • B – Flash override priority, • C – Priority communication, and • D – Priority override

14. Multiplexing

15. Multiplexing • Multiplexing is the means of subdividing a “physical media” into more than one channel • Telephone lines use “frequency multiplexing” to carry voice & DSL signals simultaneously; frequencies up to 4,000 Hz carry voice and the 25 kHz - 1.5 MHz band carry DSL • Optical lines carry literally several orders of magnitude more data than do phone lines

16. 24x64k bps < 1.544Mbps (8k bytes)…1,202bps “gap” Multiplexing T1 T1c T2 T3 T4

17. Virtualization Virtualization is generally non-specific with respect to the subjects shared above (Circuit-switched networks, Telephone signals and Multiplexing)…More details will be shared as we progress.

18. Digitizing Voice Signals • The process is conversion of analog waves to digital data • Take samples to find the amplitude • Convert the different amplitudes into binary

19. Digitizing Voice Signals

20. Digitizing Voice Signals • This image has 8 levels (0-7) • This is 3-bit (000-111)

21. Digital Telephone • Advantages of Digital Telephone • Increased quality • Security • Compatibility with newer technologies • Hierarchal set up

22. T-Services • High speed connection • Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) • Multiple types of T-Services

23. Physical Layer Technologies • Transmission Link Types • Conducting Media • Radiating Media • Common Cable Materials • Copper • Inexpensive • Easy to connect • Small form factor • Span several hundred feet • Fiber

24. Types of Copper • Coaxial • Solid Copper Core • Highly resistant to EMI • Twisted Pair • Copper pairs twisted • Standards • Cat5, 5e,6, etc…. • STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) • UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

25. Copper Cabling Specifications

26. Optical-Fiber Media • Fiber Cabling • Transmits using light signals • Waves of light travel within the glass core • Advantages • Not susceptible to EMI • Can travel longer distances • Higher bandwidth • Harder to tap

27. Optical Fiber Types

28. Wavelength Division Multiplexing • Multiple data streams across a single connection • Streams separated by wavelength • Separate wavelengths also called lambdas

29. Fiber-Based Advanced Transport Technologies • Increases in fiber deployment • Faster Speeds • Lower production costs • Easy to maintain • Fiber Network Technologies • FDDI • SONET • Ethernet

30. FDDI • Fiber Distributed Data Interface • Operates on layers 1 and 2 • Ring topology • Uses two unidirectional fiber rings • Secondary ring provides failover • Replaced by Fast Ethernet • Supports • 100mbps • 500 nodes • Distances of 200km

31. SONET • Synchronized Optical Network • Provides very high data rates • Used primarily for backbone connections • Starts at 51.84mbps • SONET can use copper or fiber • STS (Synchronous Transport Signal) • Used for copper • OC (Optical Carrier) • Used for fiber

32. Optical Carriers

33. Where is the technology headed? • Physical media will not change • Copper • Fiber • Cable bandwidth will increase • Cat7 + • Smaller fiber cores • Lower cost fiber WAN’s

34. OSI Model

35. Internetworking Technology • Internet Protocol Suite • Commonly known as “TCP/IP “ • Consists of 4 Layers

36. Link Layer • ARP • Address Resolution Protocol • ISDN • Integrated Services Digital Network • OSPF • Open Shortest Path First

37. Internet Layer • IP • Internet Protocol • ICMP • Internet Control Message Protocol • IGMP • Internet Group Management Protocol

38. Transport Layer • TCP • Transmission Control Protocol • UDP • User Datagram Protocol

39. Application Layer • HTTP • Hyper Text Transfer Protocol • DNS • Domain Name Service • FTP • File Transfer Protocol • SMTP • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

40. Net Neutrality • What is it? • Non-discriminatory • Does not favor any one destination or application over another

42. Net Neutrality Cont’d. • December 21st,2010 • FCC’s stand on Net Neutrality Rules is reported • February 22nd,2011 • U.S. House of Representatives Vote on Net Neutrality funding

43. VOICE OVER IP • Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) refers to the transmission of voice telephony over IP networks.

44. VOICE OVER IP (cont) • Benefits • Operational Cost • Don’t need two separate data plans • Features that traditional telecommunication companies normally charge extra for, are available free of charge from open source implementations • Flexibility • Location independence • The ability to transmit more than one telephone call over a single broadband connection.

45. VOICE OVER IP (cont) • Pitfalls • Quality of service • Susceptible to power failure • Makes users harder to locate during emergency calls • Security • Fax handling

46. Licensed Wireless • Operates within the part of the radio spectrum designated by government regulators. • Reserved for individual license holders. • Expensive to obtain a license • Long process • Equipment • Very expensive • Time consuming set-up

47. Licensed Wireless (cont) Cellular structure

48. Licensed Wireless (cont) • Operators are permitted exclusive use of part of the band over an assigned geographic area. • 6.0 GHz in the U.S. • 50 MHz of the 4.9 band available for public safety • Latest Licensed Wireless • “Auction 92” • July 19, 2011 • 16 licenses • AT&T and Verizon

49. Unlicensed Wireless • The unlicensed part of the spectrum does not promise exclusive use of the band. • 5.4 and 5.8 GHz in the U.S. • Eliminates the delay/expense of obtaining a license • Equipment • Far less expensive • Easier to set-up

50. Future of Wireless • New wireless: N • Double the speed of G • Wider Range than G • VoIP capable • Old Wireless: G N G