Immigration

1. Immigration Chapter 9 Section 2

2. Chapter 9 Section 2 Immigration OBJECTIVES: 1. Why did immigration boom in the late 1800’s? 2. How did immigrants adjust to life in the U.S.? 3. Why did anti-immigrant feeling grow?

3. Do Now: What was the most difficult trip you have ever been on? 1. Where were you going? 2. Why was it so difficult? 3. Was it worth it?

4. Reasons for immigration I. Push Factors- Conditions that drive people from their homes A. Poverty, scarce land B. Political and religious persecution 1. Pogroms- organized attacks on Jewish villages

5. II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

6. II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area A. Promise of freedom and better life

7. II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area A. Promise of freedom and better life B. Family or friends already in the U.S.

8. II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area A. Promise of freedom and better life B. Family or friends already in the U.S. C. Factory jobs available

9. III. The Long Voyage A. Steerage- airless rooms below decks of ships where 2000 people were stuffed-diseases spread

10. B. Europeans arrived in New York City- saw the Statue of Liberty, stopped at Ellis Island- where they had to pass a medical inspection

11. C. On the West Coast, immigrants from China and Japan traveled to Angel Island in San Francisco Bay

12. The new immigrant groups (1850-1924) differed from earlier groups who had come from western Europe, because the newcomers came from eastern and southern Europe as well as from Asia. Immigrants from Italy, Austria Hungary, Greece, Poland, Russia, China, and Japan arrived in increasing numbers. New Sources of Immigration

13. IV. Changing patterns of Immigration A. Before 1885- most immigrants from Northwest Europe: England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia

14. B. After 1885- many immigrants from Southeast Europe: Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia, Hungary, China

15. V. Adjusting to a New Land A. Most stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods B. They were torn between old traditions and new American ways C. Assimilation- the process of becoming part of another culture

16. VI. NATIVISM A. Nativists wanted to limit immigration and preserve the country for native-born citizens 1. felt immigrants wouldn’t assimilate 2. afraid of immigrants taking away jobs

17. 3. A cultural reason was the tendency of people to a dominant culture to protect that cultural against outside or “foreign” influences. 4. A psychological reason was the nativist’s desire to feel superior to others. This desire often takes a racist and nationalist form the feelings that one’s own race or nationality is superior to all others.

18. The new immigrants’ cultures and religions were often quite different from those of native born Americans, who were predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon and Protestant.

19. Among the difficulties faced by new immigrants were long hours, low wages, and poor working and living conditions. • They often lived in crowded unsanitary tenements in urban ghettos. • Immigrants also faced nativist opposition, since they were viewed as a threat to the established American culture.

20. A nationwide depression in the 1870s resulted in growing anti-Chinese feelings. • Chinese laborers became the scapegoats. • (A scapegoat is someone who is unjustly made to bear the blame for other people’s misfortune.)

21. During, this period, there were also increasing labor troubles, and the Chinese laborers were repeatedly used as replacement labor, creating further resentment.

25. The immigration laws listed below all conflicted with the ideals inscribed on the Statue of Liberty because they limited immigration in some way. The Emma Lazarus poem associated with the Statue welcomed all those who had been cast out by other nations.

26. The Chinese Exclusion Act ended all Chinese Immigration to the United States in 1882. • This act also prevented Asians already living in the United States, including their American-born offspring, from becoming naturalized citizens.

27. The Gentleman’s Agreement was a voluntary arrangement between the United States and Japan, which limited Japanese immigration to the United States in return for a ban on all U.S. laws that discriminate against the Japanese.

28. The Literacy Test Act of 1917, passed during the presidency of President Wilson, disqualified those immigrants who could not read or write in any language. • The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited yearly immigration from any nation to a percent of the number arriving from that nation in 1910.

29. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 limited yearly immigration from any nation to 2 percent of the number arriving from that nation in 1890. This act discriminated against the new immigrants because relatively few of them arrived before 1890.

33. Reasons for Immigration • Every person’s or family’s decision to immigrate was based on two conclusions. • Negative Conclusion: Conditions in the home country were bad and could no longer be tolerated. • Positive Conclusion: Conditions in the United States were likely to be much better than those at home.

34. Population pressures • A population of 140 million in 1750 grew to 260 million in 1850 and to 400 million in 1914. • Europe becoming to overcrowded. • Farmland scarce in Europe.

35. Recruitment Campaigns • Railroad companies with western lands to sell and steamship companies seeking passengers sent agents to Europe to promote the idea of emigration. • Gave the impression that if you come to the United States you will become rich.

36. Immigrants’ Life in the United States • They did not speak English and they found it hard to adapt to a new life • Immigrants moved into a city, where they gathered in neighborhoods with people of their own nationality and ethnicity. • These sections of the cities known as ghettos were crowded with poor living in tenements.