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ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION

Explore the fascinating history of agriculture and the domestication of cultivated plants, tracing back to possibly 10,000 years ago at the end of the Ice Age. Key theories from prominent figures like Vavilov, Sauer, and Harlan highlight various centers of origin for crops worldwide. Archaeological evidence reveals the emergence of agricultural villages in the Fertile Crescent and the domestication of diverse plants such as wheat, rice, and maize. Discover the methods of plant domestication, including vegetative and seed propagation, that transformed human culture and established agricultural practices.

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ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION

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  1. ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS

  2. ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE • Possibly 10,000 yrs ago • Ties to end of Ice Age • Many differing opinions: Vavilov – Russian plant geneticist eight independent centers (1951) Sauer – cradle in Southeast Asia woody areas vs. river valleys vegetative methods

  3. Opinions (cont) Harlan – opposed Vavilov’s eight centers wide geographic areas called non-centers three large independent systems: - Near East and Africa - China and Southeast Asia - Mexico and South America Bender – transition from hunter/gatherer to producer - profoundly changed human culture Harlan;Hawkes – climatic/cultural factors - motivated man to “invent agriculture”

  4. What Do We Know For Certain? Definite evidence from archeological sites: - agricultural villages 8000-9000 B.C. - Fertile Crescent - diversity of crops: wheat, barley, lentil, oats, vetch, dates, grapes, olives, almonds, figs, pomegranates

  5. Chinese Center of Agriculture - About 4000 B.C. Crops domesticated: millet, chestnuts, hazelnuts, peaches, apricots, mulberries, soybeans, and rice

  6. Southeast Asia/Indonesia - Domesticated Rice around 6000 B.C. other crops followed: sugar cane, coconut, banana, mango, citrus

  7. New WorldSouthern Mexico and Central America 5000 – 7000 B.C. maize (corn), sweet potato, tomato, cotton, pumpkin, peppers, squash, avocado, pineapple

  8. South America Broad “non-center” stretches from Chile northward to Atlantic Ocean and eastward into Brazil - snap beans and lima beans 6000 B.C. - other crops: potato, peanut, pineapple, cashew, Brazil nut, peppers, tobacco, tomato

  9. Australia Only one crop: macadamia or Queensland nut

  10. United States No major cultivated crop origins - relies on introduced crops - many minor fruit and nut crops: American grapes and plums, pecan, chestnut, hickory nut, hazelnut, black walnut, persimmon, blueberry, raspberry, blackberry, and cranberry

  11. United States (cont) Additional crops: - sunflower (important oil crop) - hops - Jerusalem artichoke - some grasses - many ornamentals - timber tree species

  12. Methods of Plant Domestication Vegetative (Asexual) Propagation - observation/experience revealed - some of the oldest woody plants: grape, fig, olive, mulberry, pomegranate, quince - many tree fruit species native to near east: almond, apple, pear, cherry, walnut

  13. Vegetative (Asexual) Propagation(cont) Many ancient plants: - potato (tuber) - sweet potato (an enlarged root) - banana (rhizome) - bamboo (rhizome) - ginger (rhizome) - filbert (layering) - pineapple and date (suckering)

  14. Methods of Plant Domestication Seed (Sexual) Propagation - harvesting wild grass seeds led to two population types: 1) shattering - reseeded itself 2) nonshattering - harvested and resown - nonshattering thus improved as it was more easily harvested

  15. Seed (Sexual) Propagation (cont) Close planting of harvested seeds led to better competition against weeds - selects stronger, vigorous plants - larger seeds increase germination - harvested crop from superior seed - unknowingly developed superior

  16. Seed (Sexual) Propagation (cont) Other desirable characteristics: - loss of seed dormancy - increased flower numbers - larger inflorescences - trend toward determinate growth Sometimes change is slow/complex Sometimes rapid with few genes

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