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Reproductive System

This comprehensive overview of the vertebrate reproductive system details the development and structure of gonads, including male testes and female ovaries. It describes the formation of sperm and eggs, the differences in reproductive organs across species, and the processes of ovulation and fertilization. Key features such as the copulatory organs and variations in placental mammals are examined, alongside a discussion of the cloaca and its role in different vertebrates. Gain insights into how these systems function in both males and females.

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Reproductive System

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Reproductive System • Gonads develop from genital ridges of mesoderm, just medial to kidneys • Germinal epithelium will form the gametes

  2. Male - Testes • Seminiferous tubules are coiled tubules lined with germinal epithelium & make sperm in most vertebrates • A few fish, cyclostomes, urodeles lack seminiferous tubules and make sperm in cysts that collapse upon spawning

  3. Location of testes • Abdominal cavity in monotremes, elephants, whales and non-mammals • Descended permanently in ungulates, carnivores, humans • Rectractile in rabbits, lower primates

  4. Testes • Sperm pass through the vasa efferentia in a closed system to the • Vas deferens = spermatic duct = mesonephric duct

  5. Vas deferens empties into cloaca below placental mammals and • Urethra = Urogenital sinus in placental mammals

  6. Copulatory Organs • Needed to introduce sperm into females for internal fertilization • Claspers in elasmobranchs – modified pelvic fin

  7. Copulatory Organs • Gonopodium – teleosts – modified anal fin

  8. Copulatory Organ • Hemipenes in snakes and lizards • Can protrude

  9. Copulatory Organs • Penis • Erectile tissue • Turtles, crocodiles, monotremes, some birds have a penis as a thickening on floor of cloaca • Placenta mammals have an external penis

  10. Female Gonad - Ovary • Hollow, but lined with germinal epithelium in teleosts

  11. Ovary • Thin-walled sacs in anurans and urodeles • Fluid-filled lacunae in reptiles, bird, monotremes • Solid in mammals, containing follicles

  12. Ovulation • Into coelom, open system

  13. Oviducts, Uterus, Vagina • Develop from Muellerian Ducts in most

  14. Oviducts, Uterus, Vagina • Empty into cloaca below placental mammals • May be specialized in some areas

  15. Hen

  16. Placental mammals • Uterus variations • Marsupials have 2 • Most placental mammals have horns for multiple births • Cervix – caudal-most muscular opening to vagina

  17. Placental Mammals • Vagina • The vagina, a cloacal derivative, empties into the urogenital sinus in most placental mammals • The vagina opens directly to the vulva in rodents and primates

  18. Cloaca • The cloaca, or vent, receives intestine and urogenital structures in all vertebrates except placental mammals

  19. Cloaca • Urorectal fold is present in reptiles, birds and monotremes • It begins to divide the cloaca • Coprodeum – collects digestive waste dorsally • Urodeum – collects urine ventrally • Proctodeum – common, undivided, terminal

  20. Cloaca • Cloaca divides into urogenital sinus and rectum in all placental mammals except female primates & rodents • Urethra, vagina, rectum in female primates & rodents

  21. Key Points • Is the cloaca a correct term to use when discussing the mammal? Why or why not?

  22. Key Points • What is meant by the reproductive system in the male being a closed system and the female being an open system?

  23. Key Point • Gonads make gametes. Name the gonads and gametes for each sex.

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