Myers PSYCHOLOGY 6th Ed--redone 7th

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY  (6th Ed--redone 7th) Chapter 11 Intelligence James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

6. What is Intelligence? Intelligence *capacity for goal-directed and adaptive behavior *involves certain abilities profit from experience solve problems reason effectively *ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

7. What is Intelligence? Reification *viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing. *reasoning error To reify is to invent a concept, give it a name, and then convince ourselves that such a thing objectively exists in the world. One SHOULD say “she has a score on the intelligence test of 120” NOT….”she has an IQ of 120.”

8. Intelligence Is intelligence culturally defined? Are intelligence tests culture free?

12. Origins of Intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale *the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test *revised by Terman at Stanford University

14. Origins of Intelligence Mental Age --a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet --chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance --child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8 --used in years and months

15. What is Intelligence? *IQ is a score on a test --it is not something you have *Is intelligence singular or multiple abilities? *Does it relate to speed of brain processing?

16. Are There Multiple Intelligences? Factor Analysis (FACTOR THEORIES) statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score

24. Are There Multiple Intelligences? COGNITIVE THEORIES Intelligence depends on situation in which it occurs--how information is processed

37. Brain Function and Intelligence People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests

38. Assessing Intelligence Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person has learned

39. Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests verbal performance (nonverbal)

40. Assessing Intelligence- Sample Items from the WAIS

41. Assessing Intelligence Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

42. The Normal Curve

43. Getting Smarter? Intelligence test performance has been rising

45. Assessing Intelligence Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting the same individual Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to

46. Assessing Intelligence Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest or knowledge about subject driving test that samples driving tasks unit exam in biology Face Validity or Predictive Validity or Criterion-Related Validity A test measures what it is supposed to measure. assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior driving test that samples driving tasks unit exam in biology Criterion Validity behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict. measures against a specific learning goal. the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity applicants for flight school have to pass a certain standard

47. Assessing Intelligence Split-Half Reliabilty exam split into 2 halves and scores compared. if your teacher checks to see if students are odd and even numbered correct Test-Retest Reliability individuals taking a test more than once tend to get similar scores. Taking ACT or SAT more than once and getting similar scores

48. Assessing Intelligence As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes. Therefore, the predictive power of aptitude tests scores diminish as students move up the educational ladder.

51. The Dynamics of Intelligence Mental Retardation * limited mental ability * intelligence scores below 70 * difficulty in adapting to the demands of life * varies from mild to profound Down Syndrome * retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up

52. The Dynamics of Intelligence

53. Genetic Influences The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

55. Genetic Influences

56. Genetic Influences The Schooling Effect

57. Genetic Influences Group differences and environmental impact

58. Genetic Influences The Mental Rotation Test of Spatial Abilities

60. Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill computation drawing

67. What is Intelligence? Reification *viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing. *reasoning error To reify is to invent a concept, give it a name, and then convince ourselves that such a thing objectively exists in the world. One SHOULD say “she has a score on the intelligence test of 120” NOT….”she has an IQ of 120.”