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Explore significant Supreme Court decisions such as Marbury v. Madison, Brown v. Board of Education, Roe v. Wade, and more, and their lasting effects on American jurisprudence.
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John Marshall • A federalist, the decisions made under his court strengthened the power of the federal govt. at the expense of the states
Marbury v. Madison • Judicial review, the power to declare laws unconstitutional, is assumed by the court
McCulloch v. Maryland • The state of Maryland tried to tax the national bank located in its state. The court disallowed this, saying that the state governments are NOT more powerful than the federal govt.
Gibbons v. Ogden • Both NY and NJ wanted to navigate ferry boats on the Hudson River exclusively. Court ruled that both could, invoking federal control of INTERSTATE commerce
Worcester v. Georgia • State govt. tries to remove Cherokee Indians from their land. Court rules in favor of Cherokee. Jackson ignores decision, forcibly removes Cherokee west of Mississippi River. Leads to the “Trail of Tears”.
Dred Scott v. Sanford • Scott, a slave, sues for freedom. Court rules slaves are property, cannot sue. Strengthens resolve of abolitionists.
Munn v. Illinois • Court rules that state of Illinois could regulate railroad rates because it was in the “public interest”.
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway vs. Illinois • Court rules Illinois cannot regulate railroad rates on INTERSTATE lines because only the federal govt. can do that
US v. EC Knight • Court upholds the Knight sugar monopoly because it is manufacturing, not INTERSTATE trade
In Re Debs • Court ruled that the fed gov could halt a strike if it was affecting interstate commerce, including the delivery of the mail. Example of how early strikes usually failed because of violence, and the court and fed gov favoring business over striking workers
Plessy v. Ferguson • Court rules that separate but equal facilities for blacks IS constitutional under the 14th amendment equal protection clause
Northern Securities v. US • Court ruled that the Northern Securities money trust was unconstitutional because it violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. 1st time federal government goes against a monopoly – influence of President Teddy Roosevelt
Schenck v. US • Court ruled that Schenck’s conviction was valid because your freedoms, including speech, can be limited if they pose a “clear and present danger” to society
Schechter Poultry v. US • Court ruled that FDR’s New Deal NIRA program was unconstitutional because the federal government tried to regulate INTRASTATE commerce, which is a state power. This led to FDR attempting to pack the Supreme Court to approve his legislation. Congress did not let him do so.
Korematsu v. US • Court upheld the placement of Japanese Americans in internment camps during WWII because in war, your rights can be limited
Earl Warren • Under the Warren court, the court became very activist in its rulings and tended to focus on the rights of the individual and the accused, rather than the government
Brown v. Board of Education • Court reverses the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson and overturns state law that provides for segregated schools. Separate but equal is unconstitutional
Mapp v. Ohio • Court rules that no illegal search and seizure by the police may be used to convict someone
Engel v. Vitale • Court rules that state required prayer in public school is unconstitutional
Gideon v. Wainwright • Court rules that all defendants must be provided an attorney as defense for their trial, even if they cannot afford one
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US • Court rules that segregation of private facilities is unconstitutional if the business is involved in INTERSTATE commerce
Miranda v. Arizona • Court rules that an individual must be given his rights at the time of his arrest, or any conviction obtained by violating these rights an be overturned
Escobedo v. Illinois • Similar to Miranda
Tinker vs. Des Moines • Court rules that students rights to freedom of expression, or symbolic speech, is okay if it does not pose a clear and present danger. Vietnam War protest.
NY Times v. US • Court says federal government cannot stop the printing of the Pentagon Papers, detailing the secret bombings in Cambodia during Vietnam War. Strengthens freedom of the press.
Roe v. Wade • Court rules that abortion is legal based on the 9th amendment right to privacy.
US v. Nixon • Court rules that Nixon must turn over Watergate tapes because it is important evidence in the investigation. Executive privilege denied, Nixon resigns, shows president is not above the law.
NJ v. TLO • Court upholds search of students property because in school, your rights are limited. Safety of students is schools’ #1 priority and job.
Vernonia School v. Acton • Court rules that drug testing of athletes is constitutional. Sport is extracurricular activity, and test is a requirement of participation. Students rights are limited
Bush v. Gore • Court rules that hand recount of all ballots in Florida is unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment equal protection clause. Bush is awarded Florida and becomes President.
