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TRANSPORT

Learn about the different types of transport, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Explore the processes of endocytosis, exocytosis, and osmosis. Discover the adaptations in transport in various organisms like protists, Hydra, grasshoppers, and earthworms.

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TRANSPORT

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  1. TRANSPORT ADAPTATIONS and HUMAN TRANSPORT

  2. PERMEABILITY • PERMEABILITY = having pores or openings that permit particles to pass through • The cell membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE • Meaning that: • Some substances can pass freely • Small molecules (lipids, H2O, CO2, O2, glucose, amino acids) • Some substances can not pass through • large molecules (starch and proteins)

  3. DIFFUSION • DIFFUSION = movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration • Even distribution of molecules results in equilibrium

  4. DIFFUSION

  5. TYPES OF DIFFUSION • FACILITATED DIFFUSION • works with the concentration gradient • substances diffuse quicker than what would be expected • specialized transport protein in the cell membrane carries the molecule across the cell membrane

  6. TRANSPORT PROTEINS • specialized transport protein in the cell membrane carries the molecule across the cell membrane • this can be with the gradient (facilitated diffusion) or against the gradient (active transport)

  7. PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT • PASSIVE TRANSPORT - DIFFUSION • No energy used • Direction is with the concentration gradient • ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Requires energy • Usually against the concentration gradient • Two ways that materials are transported across the cell membrane (active transport – requires energy) • Substances are carried across the cell membrane using transport proteins found in the cell membrane • Substances are carried across the cell membrane using vesicles formed by the cell membrane

  8. ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Substances are carried across the cell membrane using vesicles formed by the cell membrane Endocytosis Materials enclosed in a pocket along the membrane that pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell – then materials are released into the cell Pintocytosis = transporting liquids via vesicles Phagocytosis = transporting solids via vesicles Exocytosis= materials out of the cell via vacuoles

  9. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  10. OSMOSIS • OSMOSIS– always referring to water • Diffusion of water - moves with the concentration gradient Pure water (highest concentration of H2O molecules) flows to water with solute (lower concentrationof H2O molecules)

  11. OSMOSIS

  12. Effects of Osmosis • Isotonic solution • Hypotonic solution • Hypertonic solution

  13. An Isotonic Solution

  14. Hypotonic Solution

  15. Hypertonic Solution

  16. Distilled water (Hypotonic solution) Concentrated salt water (Hypertonic solution)

  17. TRANSPORT • Process by which substances move in or out of cells and/or are distributed within the cells • If cells are not in close contact with the outside environment, they need a circulatory system

  18. A CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • Transports materials to and from all parts of the organism • Is a link between cells and the environment • Has three parts: • Fluid = in which materials are transported • Vessels= network of tubes or body spaces where fluid flows • Pump = what drives the fluid through the tubes or spaces

  19. OPEN vs. CLOSED SYSTEMS • Open circulatory system = blood flows directly into the body spaces and has no blood pressure • Closed circulatory system = blood stays in the vessels at all times and has a blood pressure

  20. ADAPTATIONS IN TRANSPORT

  21. TRANSPORT IN PROTISTS • No circulatory system • Diffusion and active transport move materials in and out of the cell • Movement in the cell of materials by cyclosis • Food is digested in the food vacuoles and nutrients are absorbed into the rest of the cell by diffusion

  22. TRANSPORT IN THE HYDRA • No circulatory system • Ectoderm lines the outside of the body, endoderm lines the gastrovascular cavity • Both layers use diffusion to exchange dissolved O2, CO2, and wastes between cells and the external environment • Nutrients move into the endoderm by diffusion and active transport • Nutrients move from the endoderm into the ectoderm by diffusion • Substances move within the cells by cyclosis • Muscular movements move materials within the gastrovascular cavity • This stops wastes from collecting along the surface of the endoderm • Flagella (on the endoderm cells) also move materials in the gastrovascular cavity **the gastrovascular cavity is used for digestion and transport processes**

  23. TRANSPORT IN THE GRASSHOPPER • Open circulatory system • Blood not always in the vessels • Blood flows directly into body spaces, bathing the tissues • Blood is colorless because it does not contain hemoglobin (no transport of O2 or CO2) • Blood mainly used to transport nutrients and wastes • Aorta along the back and a tubular heart (near the rear) pushes the blood forward • Blood leaves the aorta at the head • Blood baths all the body tissues as it trickles through the body spaces • Exchange of materials occurs in these spaces • Blood is kept moving by body movements • Eventually the blood circulates back to the heart

  24. TRANSPORT IN THE GRASSHOPPER

  25. Transport in the earthworm • A closed circulatory system • Much more complex system • Has organs and an organ system (circulatory system) because its cells are not directly in contact with the environment • The circulatory system has three parts: • Blood (contains hemoglobin which increases the amount of O2 the blood can carry) • Dorsal vessel which runs along the top Ventral vessel which runs along the bottom • Connected by aortic arches Blood flows dorsal ventral smaller vessels capillaries • Every cell is near a capillary • Diffusion occurs between the walls of the capillaries and the cells of the body

  26. Transport in the earthworm

  27. Diffusion out of food vacuole into cytoplasm Food – pseudopods (phagocytosis) All cells in contact with environment No circulatory system Cyclosis – movement of the cytoplasm Gases – diffusion + active transport Diffusion out of the food vacuole All cells in contact with environment No circulatory system Food – oral groove Gases – diffusion through the membrane Cyclosis – movement of the cytoplasm Both cells layers in contact with environment No circulatory system Diffusion of food and gases Cyclosis Food - typhlosole Closed circulatory system Blood carries nutrients, gases, water and wastes Carried by blood Gases – diffusion through moist skin Food - Intestine blood bathes body cells Open circulatory system No hemoglobin Colorless blood Does not carry gases Single dorsal aorta Tubular heart Gases - spiracles

  28. HUMAN TRANSPORT

  29. BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES • carries blood away from the heart to organs and tissues • have thick, elastic walls • arterioles are the smallest arteries

  30. BLOOD VESSELS • VEINS • carries blood from organs and tissues to the heart • walls are thin and slightly elastic • contain valves to allow blood flow in only one direction • smallest veins called venules • when walls lose elasticity – varicose veins

  31. Valves in Veins

  32. Varicose Veins

  33. Capillaries • connects arterioles and venules • walls are a single layer of cells • allow exchange of dissolved nutrients, wastes, and oxygen

  34. Capillaries

  35. Compare an artery, vein and a capillary vein artery capillary

  36. Major arteries and veins of the human body

  37. Capillaries Capillaries in the liver

  38. Complete the worksheet on page 16 in your packet • Red blood cell • Capillary • Body cell • Lymph vessel • Arteriole • Venule

  39. Complete the worksheet on page 16 in your packet • In area 1, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? Oxygenated • In area 2, is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated? Deoxygenated • What materials are diffusing from the blood to the cells? Oxygen and nutrients • What materials are diffusing from the cells to the blood? Carbon dioxide and wastes

  40. Carries oxygenated blood to all tissues • Under pressure • Blood spurts • Pulse is artery expanding with pressure • ie: aorta, carotid, femoral arteries • Thick • Elastic • Muscular • Round AWAY FROM THE HEART • Thinner wall • Non-elastic • Partially collapsed • Carries deoxygenated blood • Little pressure • Even flow • Valves prevent backflow TO THE HEART • ONLY ONE CELL LAYER THICK • microscopic Connects arterioles to venules Exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and body cells Carries fluid from tissues to veins Very small tubes with dead ends • Contains lymph nodes • (helps with immunity) • ICF = intercellular fluid

  41. THE HUMAN HEART

  42. THE HUMAN HEART Please turn to page 17 in your note packet

  43. The Heart • Contractions of its muscle fibers force blood to flow • Specialized muscle cells called cardiac muscle (myocardium) • Fibers are interconnected for greater force of contractions • Pericardium – tough outer membrane that protects the heart

  44. Chambers of the Heart • Upper chambers are the atria (atrium s.) • They are the receiving chambers of the heart • Right atria recieves blood from the body • Left atria receives blood from the lungs • Lower chambers are the ventricles • They are the pumping chambers of the heart • Right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs • Left ventricle pumps blood out to the body

  45. Chambers of the Heart • left atrium • left ventricle • right atrium • right ventricle

  46. Septum of the Heart • wall separating the right and left side of the heart • does not allow oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood to mix Septum

  47. Valves of the Heart • A – V valves (atrioventricular valves) • right side - tricuspid valve • left side - bicuspid valve • semilunar valves • located at the start of the aorta • located at the start of the pulmonary arteries

  48. Valves of the Heart LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART Aortic valve (semi-lunar) Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve (A-V valve) Pulmonary valve (semi-lunar) Tricuspid Valve (A-V valve)

  49. Complete the diagram on page 18 of your packet

  50. 1. Aorta 15. Superior vena cava 2. Left pulmonary arteries 14. Right pulmonary arteries 3. Left atrium 4. Left pulmonary veins 13. Right pulmonary veins 5. Bicuspid valve 12. Right atrium 6. semi-lunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) 11. Tricuspid valve 7. Left ventricle 8. Septum 10. Inferior vena cava 9. Right ventricle

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