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Mrs AG

Mrs AG. Presenting complaint. Mrs AG 75 years old Admitted 19/9/07 5 day history Uncontrolled shaking Nausea Poor appetite Feeling ‘lousy’. History of presenting complaint. Previous cancer of the breast Had mastectomy and radiotherapy Apr 2006

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Mrs AG

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  1. Mrs AG

  2. Presenting complaint • Mrs AG • 75 years old • Admitted 19/9/07 • 5 day history • Uncontrolled shaking • Nausea • Poor appetite • Feeling ‘lousy’

  3. History of presenting complaint • Previous cancer of the breast • Had mastectomy and radiotherapy Apr 2006 • Diagnosed with bony metastatic disease Summer 2007

  4. History of presenting complaint • Commenced on sodium clodronate 1.6grams/day in August 2007 • Stopped after 2 days due to diarrhoea • Restarted 3rd Sept 2007 at 400mg/day • Stopped on the 14th Sept due to diarrhoea

  5. History of presenting complaint • Then developed • Nausea • Poor appetite • Uncontrollable shaking • Paraesthesiae in hands and legs • Muscle cramps • Unable to mobilise

  6. Past medical history • Metastatic Ca. breast • Hypertension • Hypercholesterolaemia

  7. Allergies Penicillin and Erythromycin Aspirin 75mg OD Atorvastatin 10mg ON Lisinopril 20mg OD Allopurinol 100mg OD Anastrazole 1mg OD Frusemide 40mg OD Esomeprazole 20mg OD Drug history

  8. Social and Family History • Lives with husband • Independent in all ADL’s normally • Non-smoker, moderate alcohol • No family history of note

  9. On examination • Tremulous • Tachycardic • BP 160/86 • Afebrile • RR 20, Sats 97% on air

  10. On examination • Clear chest • Abdo soft and non-tender • Marked resting and action tremor • Peripheral paraesthesiae • No signs of DVT

  11. Investigations • ECG – Sinus tachycardia, normal QT • CXR – Some areas of shadowing right and left lung fields ??mets • Previous CT abdo/pelvis – widespread sclerotic bony lesions, ?lung mets

  12. Investigations • Bloods on admission • WCC 8.5, Hb 12.8 • Na 145, K 3.8, Urea 5.5, Creat 71 • Corr Ca 2+ 1.36, PO 41.60 • LFT’s normal except Alk phos 166 • TSH and haematinics normal

  13. Impression • Profound hypocalcaemia secondary to bisphosphonate therapy and frusemide

  14. Treatment • Commenced on Calcichew D3 Forte 2 tabs OD • Given 10mls of 10% calcium gluconate • Further 100mls of 10% calcium gluconate * 2 • Magnesium 5 grams infused (Mg level 0.15 prior to infusion) • Frusemide stopped

  15. Further tests • Short synacthen test – normal response • PTH 5.5 (1.6 – 6.9) • PTH appears low for degree of hypocalcaemia, this may be due to hypomagnesaemia which can interfere with physiological release of PTH in hypocalcaemia

  16. Further tests • Vitamin D level • 15.3 • <10 – deficiency • 10-20 – may indicate deficiency • >20 - adequate

  17. Patient progress • 24/9/07 • Feeling much better. No longer shaking as much, no paraesthesia, no cramps • Mobile with zimmer frame • Ca 2+ 2.11, Mg 0.53 • 25/9/07 • Mobile independently on ward – discharged home

  18. Hypocalcaemia • Hypocalcaemia occurs when calcium is lost from the extra cellular fluid in greater quantities than can be replaced by the intestine or bone.

  19. Symptoms/signs of hypocalcaemia • Paraesthesiae of distal extremities and circumoral area • Chvostek and Trousseau signs • Muscle cramps • Laryngospasm • Tetany • Seizures • Prolonged QT interval which can progress to VF or heart block

  20. Vitamin D deficiency Hypomagnesaemia Loop diuretics Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Chronic renal failure Post parathyroidectomy Rhabdomyolysis Malignant disease Acute pancreatitis Septic shock Causes of hypocalcaemia

  21. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Hypoparathyroidism • Deficiency of PTH leads to increased renal calcium excretion and decreased intestinal calcium absorption (secondary to reduced 1,25(OH)2D3 production) • (Note: PTH stimulates renal hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3)

  22. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Pseudohypoparathyroidism • Rare hereditary disorder • Affects target-cell response to PTH • PTH is raised • Patients can have shortened metacarpals and metatarsals along with short stature.

  23. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Malignancy • Prostate and breast can cause increased osteoblastic activity leading to increased bone formation and hypocalcaemia. • Rapid cell destruction secondary to chemotherapy increases serum phosphorus. This complexes with serum calcium leading to hypocalcaemia.

  24. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Rhabdomyolysis • Release of cellular phosphorus, again binding to serum calcium causing hypocalcaemia.

  25. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Renal failure • Reduced phosphorus excretion with continued intestinal phosphorus absorption leads to hyperphosphataemia • This leads to decreased conversion of 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 • This leads to decreased intestinal calcium absorption.

  26. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia often co-exist • Can be due to decreased absorption or poor dietary intake. • Hypomagnesaemia impairs PTH secretion and can interfere with its peripheral action.

  27. Causes of hypocalcaemia • Pancreatitis • Release of pancreatic lipase causing degradation of retroperitoneal omental fat • Binding of calcium in the peritoneum resulting in hypocalcaemia. • Septic shock • Unknown mechanism

  28. Discussion • There are a number of reports of symptomatic hypocalcaemia following intravenous bisphosphonate therapy. However, this is uncommon with oral therapy. • Usually, compensatory mechanisms, i.e. increase in PTH secretion act to correct calcium levels.

  29. Discussion • Newer, more potent bisphosphonates may reduce the effects of PTH on bone resorption. • Hypomagnesaemia can impair the compensatory increase in PTH secretion. • Patients should have calcium and vitamin D status checked along with magnesium, phosphate and renal function levels prior to commencing potent bisphosphonate therapy.

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