Essential Question

1. Essential Question What effect has terrorism and the U.S. response to it during the 1990s and 2000s had on the U.S.’s image overseas? What effect has terrorism had on the civil rights of Americans?

2. Terrorism: Foreign and Domestic

3. Terrorism • The root word is terror. • Terror=Fear • Terrorism can be defined as a tactic used by an individual or group to scare, disrupt or intimidate people. This tactic is often used randomly and without warning. • There are various reasons and purposes for terrorism. Some such reasons/purposes include: statement, revenge, and warning. • Often powerless groups within a country strike out with unpredictable violence using explosives [bombs, missiles] and/or random firearms.

4. Domestic Terrorism • Unfortunately for the United States there have been several “acts of terror” within the borders of the nation. • Very troubling for many citizens is the fact that most of the domestic terrorists have been native born citizens. • Two of the most popular recent examples have been Timothy McVeigh and Theodore Kaczynski. Both of these men used explosives as their method of terror.

5. Foreign Terrorism • For many years throughout the 20th century foreign nationals [people from other countries] have committed acts of terror against the United States. • Some reasons that have been expressed by so-called terrorists have been U.S. oppression of Muslim countries or U.S. support of Israel [and its policies]. • Two very recent examples of foreign terrorism on U.S. territory have been the 1993 and 20001 attacks on the World Trade Center in NYC. • Ramzi Youseff [1993] and Khalid Muhammed [2001] from Pakistan were the so-called masterminds of both attacks. Muhammed was a member of Al-Qaeda.

6. Suggested Research topics • Domestic Terrorism • Eric Rudolph [1996 Olympic bomber, abortion clinic bomber] • 1954 Puerto Rican terrorists [attempted assassination of President Truman] • Foreign Terrorism • Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab [Detroit New Year’s Day jet bomber] • USS Cole attack [naval ship bombed by suicide bombers in 200]

7. History of al-Qaeda and Terrorism against the USA Michael Quiñones

8. What is al-Qaeda? • Al Qaeda means “the Base.” It is a stateless (meaning without a country) terrorist organization. • It is led and financed by Osama bin Laden, a radical Sunni Muslim.

9. When did al-Qaeda form? • The beginnings of al-Qaeda go back to the 1980s when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.

10. Bin Laden, and the Arab Afghans, fought the Soviet Union in Afghanistan for over 10 years. • The Soviet army left in 1988. • US stinger anti-aircraft gun.

11. Desert Storm (Gulf War I) • In 1990, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invaded the tiny, oil-rich country of Kuwait

12. Operation Desert Shield/Storm • The United States feared Saddam would invade Saudi Arabia too. The result of further Iraqi invasions could cause unprecedented oil price spikes. Iraqi tanks

13. US and Saudi coalition • The United States was asked by the Saudis to establish military bases in their country in order to stop an Iraqi advance and conquest of Saudi Arabia.

14. Saudi’s choice • Osama bin Laden, back home from Afghanistan, offered the Saudis the use of his soldiers to fight the Iraqi army because Infidel armies have no place in the holy land of Islam.

15. Saudis chose the USA as its ally and snubbed bin Laden. The presence of infidels [non-Muslim people] in the Middle East outraged bin Laden.

16. 1991--Bin Laden leaves Saudi Arabia for Sudan

17. USA in Somalia • Dec. 4, 1992, George H.W. Bush sent 28,000 American troops to Somalia. • Bush wanted to help the Somali people since all attempts to send food to them were intercepted by war lords.

18. Black Hawk Down! • In 1993, 18 Americans died when Black Hawk helicopters were shot down over Mogadishu, Somalia and the resulting gun battles.

19. al Qaeda? • US intelligence agencies such as the CIA and NSA think al Qaeda operatives taught the Somalis how to shoot down helicopters using the [US made] stinger anti-aircraft guns just like the Mujahadeen did in Afghanistan against the Soviets.

20. 1993-The 1st World Trade Center bombing Pakistani national Ramzi Yusef was the mastermind of this attack. He has since been captured, tried, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the U.S.

21. 1993 WTC bombing This attack killed 6 people and injured over 1000.

22. May 1996 ---Sudan expels bin Laden, and he returns to Afghanistan

23. 1996 car bombing of Khobar Towers • 19 Americans were killed and hundreds injured.

24. Fatwa [An Islamic edict demanding action] • In August of 1998, Al Qaeda, led by bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri declare war on American.

25. Embassy bombings: 1998 • Two American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed simultaneously [220 people were killed].

26. Clinton responds. • President Clinton, risking “Wag the Dog” criticism during the Lewinsky scandal, decided to attack al Qaeda to project US strength in response to attacks against the US.

27. US sent missiles to destroy al Qaeda training camps in Sudan and Afghanistan under Bill Clinton----to little effect.

28. 2000—Millennium Attacks Foiled! • Jordanian police halted suicide 4 bombings of civilian targets. • Four al Qaeda terrorists were arrested, crossing the Canadian border with nitroglycerin in their trunk. Allegedly the group was set to bomb [LAX] LA International Airport. • In Yemen, a boat with explosives tried to bomb a navy ship but sank due to being overloaded

29. USS Cole attack Oct. 2000 • In Yemen, Al Qaeda operatives sent a suicide bomber aboard a small speed boat into the USS Cole, a US Navy destroyer, and detonated its bomb, blowing a large hole in the US Navy ship. 17 sailors killed.

31. 2819 people were killed 343 firefighters and paramedics were killed Khalid Sheik Muhhamad was the central Planner of the 9/11. Most terrorists (at right) were from Saudi Arabia [later captured in Pakistan and still in US custody].

32. Someone committing suicide by jumping from a window inside the World Trade Center rather than burning to death on 9/11/01.

36. Flight 93 crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania instead of its believed destination, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C, because of the heroic efforts of several passengers!

37. U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act • Within 6 weeks of 9/11 the US Justice Department drafted a national security instrument to combat terrorist threats [foreign and domestic]. • The law was actually an acronym for Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism. • This counter-terrorism law strengthened an existing statute called the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act formerly created to expose foreign agents inside the US. However, the revisions to the law targeted US citizens too. • 3 of the most controversial provisions were National Security Letters, FISA courts, and indefinite detentions of declared enemy combatants. • Water boarding [simulated drowning] and Rendition [capture, transfer to 3rd World nation “Black site,” [secret prison] blind folded, beaten and interrogated] have been 2 examples of extra-legal tactics used by the US to obtain intelligence.

38. U.S.A. P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act • National Security Letters-allowed the FBI and other federal agencies such as the CIA to obtain information [administrative subpoena] without judicial consent [permission of a judge]. This power was troubling because it contradicted guaranteed constitutional rights. The subpoena also had a gag order attached barring the recipient from making the letter public to anyone [that was later overturned as a violation of the 1st Amendment]. • FISA courts-federal courts established to issue secret warrants to monitor/mine financial, personal, employment, education and medical data to detect patterns of terrorist activity and money laundering. Defendants were/are never notified as is standard practice. • Guantanamo Bay Detention center [a.k.a. Gitmo]-is a US Naval base used since 1903 but more recently used to detain people captured on battlefield or terror investigation and held without bail or expectation of release [no lawyers].

39. Some Closure… • Small hard to detect unmanned remotely controlled aircraft (drones) have been used by the U.S. to obtain intelligence and employ missile strikes on targets throughout the Middle East, Africa and Asia. • On May 2, 2011 terror mastermind Osama bin Laden was killed by US special operations forces inside a walled compound in Pakistan as has been suspected by the US.

40. Group Talk • Please assemble into groups of 3-4 students and discuss your opinions about foreign and domestic terrorism. Take 10 minutes to do so. Four Corners Go to the side of the room you belief your opinion most fits [agree, disagree, strongly agree and strongly disagree] [1] Some terrorists probably have legitimate reasons/motives for their attacks. [2] When and if the United States gets attacked by terrorists it’s the fault of the government for not preventing it. [3] Most terrorists are Muslim and should die a traitor’s death.

41. Globalization and the U.S. economy • The passage of NAFTA the North American Free Trade Agreement in the 1994 opened U.S. markets to foreign trade. The U.S. government believed it would promote “free trade” and better opportunities for each of the countries involved [Canada, U.S. and Mexico]. Mexico probably had the most to gain because its economy was the weakest. Many U.S. citizens feared the loss of jobs to cheaper labor in Mexico. • Presidential candidate H. Ross Perot warned that more open trade rules with foreign countries would cause Americans to lose jobs. • What do we think about this? • Outsourcing by U.S. companies has also caused the loss of American jobs by hiring foreigners to do service jobs instead of Americans. • What do we think about this?

42. Globalization and the U.S. Economy • In 2004 the U.S. Congress with President Bush’s support passed C.A.F.T.A. [Central American Trade Agreement]. • Many U.S. citizens worried that an already poor U.S. economy would get worse with increased “free trade.” • The result was a rapid exodus of manufacturing jobs [especially textile ] to countries such as Honduras and Costa Rica.

43. Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism in Foreign policy • Unilateral means to do something individually by yourself without others’ permission or cooperation. • A country that engages in unilateralist foreign policy it does not seek approval of other nations with regard to military action, trade, etc. • President George W. Bush engaged in unilateralism when he decided to invade Iraq without the approval of the United Nations Security Council.

44. Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism in Foreign policy • President George W. Bush, in an address to a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001 said, "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists." • Questions: What was the meaning and purpose of President Bush’s comments? Was this a wise statement for the president to make? [why/why not]

45. Environmental issues in a global context • There are several major environmental issues that have effected and still effect the global ecosystem. • China’s Three Gorges Dam, Global Warming [human induced] and the 2010 B.P. Gulf Oil spill are just a few.

46. Environmental issues in a global context • In 2006 former vice president Al Gore narrated and co-produced a film called An Inconvenient Truth. • The film provided an understanding of human induced global warming. Gore warned that within our lifetimes due to human carbon based fuel consumption catastrophic, irreversible environmental damage would change the world forever. • Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize and an Academy Award. Many, many climate scientists disagree with the impact that humans have on global warning. • View the videos at this site and see for yourself http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8847562857479496579#

47. Environmental issues in a global context • President Obama recently said that he will suspend his efforts to force the E.P.A. to enforce environmental regulations because it will harm the economy. • Questions: What interests do scientists have to support or reject human induced global warming theories? What interests do corporations have to comply with or reject government environmental regulations?

48. Image sources • http://www.biyokulule.com/sawiro/sawirada_waaweyn/McVeigh1.jpg • http://www.lessignets.com/signetsdiane/calendrier/images/avril/23/2/mcveigh.jpg • http://www.historycommons.org/events-images/728_ramzi_yousef_2050081722-15679.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Unabomber-sketch.png • http://www.truthmove.org/workspace/photos-news/mohammed.jpg • http://kenalbert.com/bush.jpg • http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_NSAQjsCzwcE/TJtefhr-ibI/AAAAAAAABDs/JQLfE0kxXjY/s1600/0Bush_Doctrine_II.gif • http://static6.businessinsider.com/image/4c1b72a27f8b9a776e0e0000/three-gorges.jpg • http://soundingoffonpollution.yolasite.com/resources/coastal_pollution.jpg